The Internet of Things offers many opportunities to make our everyday lives more convenient, safer and more efficient. Due to the advancing use cases, digital applications will be omnipresent in the future and also offer the benefit of being at our side almost unnoticed. However, this can also result in risks, such as unwanted data processing, the provision of information potentially inappropriate or even harmful to individuals, or the initiation of processes that are based on false assumptions. These risks can be counteracted by categorising the users according to their needs. If the devices in the surroundings better understand their users, the Internet of Things can work adequately, react with specific measures and serve the user. One aspect of this adaptation process is the determination of age or assignment to an age group. Knowing the age, smart speakers would, for example, generate information in child-friendly language for very young users or sensors that check whether older residents have fallen and may be lying helplessly on the floor would not be triggered incorrectly if a child is playing on the carpet in the living room.

In the session panelists and participants discussed advantages and risks coming along with the categorization of users according to their needs. In his contribution Jonathan Cave  focused on data as a source that must be protected from unwanted profiling or manipulation. He also pointed out that it is not always possible to predict which data are sensitive and therefore need particular protection. He also suggested discussing whether the age of a user or their maturity, experience and knowledge may be decisive for being able to use certain functionalities. Sonia Livingstone took this up and referred to the rights of the child, which must also be guaranteed in the digital environment, which is challenging without knowledge whether a user is a child or an adult. It is therefore important to develop and design IoT applications with the best interests of the child in mind. Sonia recommended to involve children in these processes and let them participate. Age assurance measures must focus on the safety of the child and the protection of their privacy and should not be used to restrict access and participation of young people unreasonably.

Referring to existing legal frameworks that may require age verification, Abilash Nair  formulated the statement that it is not necessary to establish further laws but to invest in the usability and feasibility of the existing legal framework in order to increase its acceptance.

Returning to the previously mentioned aspect of development and maturity of a child, Pratishtha Arora  explained that children should be viewed holistically and that their experiences, education and use of technology should be taken into account in order to make IoT user-friendly. She also pointed out that, unlike mobile phones, IoT has not yet achieved a comparable level of distribution, thus the opportunities and risks associated with it are currently only aimed at certain groups in society. “Regardless of this”, she said, “it is important to continue investing in all young people's media skills.”

Building on this, Sabrina Vorbau   presented the European Commission's initiative for a Better Internet for Kids. Acquiring and training the skills and competencies of children to use the digital environment safely plays a central role in this. In addition, the EC recognises measures for age-appropriate use of the Internet as a key to protecting children and enabling them to have safe online experiences. In order to promote developments in this area, the European Commission has mapped existing age assurance procedures and requirements and commissioned European Schoolnet  developed a self-assessment tool available to all providers, thus supporting them to make their services more age-appropriate for children.

Last but not least, Maarten Botterman  emphasised at the outset that the aim is to use emerging technologies and the opportunities they bring for humanity to make life more convenient and safer. To this end, categorising users in relation to technologies so that these become more targeted, more effective and therefore more useful for users and better meet their needs. In order to pursue this goal further, however, the workshop showed that it is necessary to develop a common understanding of this objective, lay it down in globally accepted standards for the Internet of Things and to include and involve all stakeholders in this process.
 

The event focused on highlighting on how innovation, creativity and a conducive intellectual property (IP) ecosystem can enhance gender equality in games and app development.  To achieve this, firstly, the session showcased the creativity and innovation of women in video game and app development.  Secondly, it showed how different policies can help ensure equality and creative attribution. Thirdly, it presented practical tools that can be used by developers across the world to protect and commercialize their creative works.

The event was moderated by WIPO’s Kristine Schlegelmilch (online) and Ryszard Frelek (onsite).  Speakers included:

• Ms. Kate Edwards, Geographer, CEO and Principal, Consultant – Geogrify. LLC
• Ms. Tami Bhaumik, Vice President of Civility and, Partnerships, Roblox
• Ms. Alaa Abdulaal, Chief of Digital Economy Foresight, Digital Cooperation Organization
• Ms. Meaad Aflah, CEO & Cofounder, Starvania Studio
• Ms. Michele Woods, Director, Copyright Law Division, WIPO
• Mr. Julio Raffo, Head, Innovation Economy Section, Department for Economics and Data Analytics, WIPO

The event highlighted, among others, the following:

• Video games are a cultural force and an important form of entertainment across the world. Governments are beginning to recognize their cultural and economic importance and look for ways to support the growth of developers, including those who are underrepresented.
• Active video gaming industries promote local human capital development, foster start-ups and entrepreneurship, and encourage new R&D; all of which may be leveraged to foster economic growth, innovation and competitiveness in an evolving industry.
• Women represent one of the fastest growing demographics as game players.
• Tools and playbooks exist that allow developers to create experiences that are gender inclusive.
• Inspiring women leaders in the tech development field are evidence of a steady increase in women’s participation within the technology development sector. Nevertheless, there is still a need for further efforts to encourage and support women in pursuing, and importantly, maintaining careers in the tech industry.
• New technologies, which allow for game creation without technical knowledge, provide an opportunity to open up and diversify game development.  
• The Empowering Women in and through ICT Thought Paper prepared by the Digital Cooperation Organization. Drawing from global case studies, surveys, and roundtables, the paper proposes actionable strategies and initiatives to promote women’s empowerment and financial inclusion in the digital economy.
• IP tools designed specifically for gaming and app development exist, but we need to promote these resources more effectively among women developers and aspiring young developers. This includes WIPO resources such as:
  • Podcasts and checklists on IP for video game developers : www.wipo.int/sme/en/videogames.html
  • 2024 World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR) which includes a chapter on the videogame industry: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/world-ip-report
  • IP Diagnostics Tool: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/wipo-ip-diagnostics
  • IP and Gender background: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/gender

From the discussion, the following calls for actions were identified:

• Highlight success stories of individual women developers and policies that support women’s participation in game and app development.
• Support women developers with training on managing IP in the game and app industries, including through the use of WIPO resources.
• Create metrics, such as IP indicators, to gauge female involvement in the apps and game development sector to inform and shape policies and initiatives that governments can implement to address gender disparities in the tech industry.

Session Report: WS#235 Judges on Human Rights Online

https://intgovforum.org/en/content/igf-2024-ws-235-judges-on-human-rights-online

Overview:

The session explored the intersection of judicial expertise in the context of the dispensation of justice and the protection of human rights in the digital age. In a world increasingly reliant on technology, the judiciary plays a vital role in interpreting and shaping laws that safeguard privacy, freedom of expression, and access to information. This session emphasized empowering judges with the necessary tools and knowledge to address emerging digital rights challenges.

The hybrid session format included two moderators to integrate onsite and online discussions seamlessly.

Key Contributions:

• Advocate Umar Khan (Pakistan)

Stressed the importance of equipping judges with tools to handle digital rights cases. He highlighted the IGF’s contribution to advancing human rights through initiatives such as the recently introduced Charter on Human Rights. He noted the urgency of addressing delayed justice, particularly in the fast-paced digital realm quoting that ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.

• Advocate Rachel Magege (Tanzania)

Addressed gender-related digital rights issues, emphasizing the need for law practitioners to understand digital rights issues, and learn about emerging technologies to be able to protect women from harassment and other online violence. She also called for inclusive legislation that considers the needs of persons with disabilities to ensure that they are included in the digital space. She advocated for harmonizing digital rights laws across jurisdictions.

• Dr. Martin Koyabe (Cybersecurity Expert)

Identified challenges in handling and authenticating digital evidence in court. He emphasized on the need to pay particular attention to how we authenticate and process digital evidence, especially those generated by emerging technologies. He advocated for harmonized cross-jurisdictional principles and capacity building among judicial and forensic experts regarding the preservation of digital evidence to be used in court.

• Hon. Dr. Eliamani Laltaika (Judge, Tanzania)

Discussed the judiciary’s role in interpreting laws, especially in data protection and privacy. He highlighted the potential of AI in judicial operations, such as transcription, scheduling, and research. He stressed the importance of regulatory frameworks for the use of AI in courts. He supported good progress such as the effort by UNESCO to develop a framework on the use of AI in court and by the judiciary. He concluded by saying that we need to demolish a few walls to accommodate new digital technologies.

Moderators: Dr Nazar Kirama - Onsite (Tanzania) & Daniele Turra - Online (Italy)

Rapporteur: Athanase Bahizire (DR Congo)

Challenges Identified:

1. Lack of clarity and enforcement in handling digital evidence due to its volatile nature.
2. Insufficient regulations addressing the use of AI in judicial processes.
3. Barriers to cross-border collaboration on digital rights cases.

 Initiatives to facilitate Judges participation in Internet Governance Space:

During the session the following initiatives were noted as platforms/tools that can engage Judges in the future;

1. The Judiciary Global Network on Internet Governance (JGNIG) initiated by Tanzania Internet Governance Forum to facilitate dialogue and collaboration among judges from different jurisdictions around the world.
2. Use of established Judiciary Global School of Internet Governance with the Dynamic Coalition of Schools of Internet Governance (DC-SIG) to provide capacity building for judges, judiciary officers and Lawyers on Internet Governance and related emerging issues.

Conclusion:

The session underscored the judiciary’s indispensable role in upholding human rights in the digital space. By equipping judges with the necessary tools, fostering cross-border collaboration, and promoting inclusive laws, the global community can better address the challenges of the digital age. This session marked a significant step toward ensuring justice and equality in the evolving digital landscape.

Key Takeaways:

1. Judges play a crucial role in shaping the future of the Internet through  interpreting digital laws and regulations that govern digital rights such as privacy, freedom of expression, and access to information. Equipping judges with the right tools and knowledge ensures justice keeps pace with technological advancements.
2. The enforcement of digital rights across borders requires harmonized legal frameworks and principles. Clear standards for handling digital evidence and cooperation mechanisms are essential to address issues like cross-border data flows and cybercrimes.
3. Laws must take care of the needs of all individuals, including marginalized groups and persons with disabilities. Legal frameworks should be creative and adaptable to ensure participation and protection for everyone in the digital age.

Call-to-Action Points:

• Advocate for including digital rights, cybersecurity, and Internet Governance in judicial training programs and legal curricula to empower judges and legal practitioners.
• Support initiatives like the Judiciary Global Network on Internet Governance (JGNIG) to encourage cooperation among legal professionals across borders, promoting consistent application of digital rights laws.
• Encourage dialogues with governments and regulatory bodies to ensure they prioritize digital rights and understand the implications of evolving technologies. And facilitate collaboration between legal experts, civil society, technologists, and policymakers to create well-rounded and effective digital rights strategies.
• Work with policymakers to draft and implement laws that explicitly address the needs of marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities, while ensuring their alignment with existing digital rights frameworks.

Overview of the Session:

The discussion primarily centered on the challenges and solutions regarding data localization in developing and least-developed countries, particularly through the lens of what is obtainable in Tanzania and other Countries from DLDCs like Nigeria, South Africa, Benin, etc. Speakers highlighted several key challenges that confront these nations in establishing local data servers and implementing data localization policies. One predominant issue is the high capital and infrastructure costs associated with building data centers, which require substantial investment to attract both local and foreign investors. In South Africa, ongoing electricity and water shortages further complicate the operation of data centers, necessitating expensive backup systems. Moreover, a lack of technical expertise presents a barrier to effectively managing and securing these facilities.

Despite having solid regulatory frameworks for data sovereignty similar to the EU's General Data Protection Regulation - GDPR (i.e National Data Protection Regulation - NDPR” and Protection of Personal Information Act - POPIA) Nigeria, South and most DLDCs still face hurdles such as Cybersecurity risks, limited access to global technology providers, and skills shortages. To address these challenges, most speakers advocated for adopting hybrid and multi-cloud approaches to ensure data residency and stronger frameworks for data sovereignty, coupled with the establishment of local data centers.

The conversation also hints at the socioeconomic impacts of these policies, with an emphasis on the necessity for clear definitions and distinctions between terms like digital sovereignty, residency, and localization. A strong point is that while data can be stored anywhere, it must comply with the hosting nation's laws and protect the data subject's privacy in line with the existing regulation, thus allowing for cross-border data flow.

Speakers

1. Dr. Kossi Amessinou, Chief of the World Bank Division, Benin Republic (Government, Africa)

2. Dr. Melissa Sassi, Partner & Chief Evangelist, P3 Network (Private sector, North America)

3. Mr. Kashifu Inuwa Abdullahi, Director General, National Information Technologies Development Agency - NITDA (Government, Africa)

4. Mrs. Mary Uduma, West Africa IGF Coordinator (Civil society, Africa)

5. Ms. Ulandi Exner, AfICTA Chair and Vice-Chair Southern Africa

6. Dr. Toshikazu Sakano, Director of ATR, Japan (Private Sector, Asia)

Moderators

1. Dr. Jimson Olufuye, Principal Consultant at Kontemporary Konsulting Ltd, Nigeria, and Founder/Fmr chair and chair of the advisory council, AfICTA. (Onsite Moderator)

2. Ms. Rachael Shitanda, AfICTA Vice-Chair, East Africa and Executive Member of Computer Society of Kenya (Online Moderator)

3. Dr. Martin Koyabe, Intergovernmental Organization (Europe) (Onsite co-Moderator)

Policy Questions to the Speakers

The moderators posed the following questions to the speakers for their responses:

1. In the light of most DLDCs lacking the capacity to host their huge data generated locally and considering the importance of digital sovereignty to the development and security of an economy a. Highlight the key challenges encountered by stakeholders in DLDCs in the implementation of local servers and the adoption of data localization policies. b. What practical solutions can you propose to address the challenges faced?

2. How can DLDCs balance the objectives of digital sovereignty with the benefits of cross-border data flows for economic growth and innovation, effectively addressing the challenges of digital sovereignty and data localization?

Dr. Melissa Sassi discussed the implications of data sovereignty from a U.S. perspective, emphasizing the importance of secure data management to prevent unauthorized access. She also commented on the potential economic benefits and infrastructural developments that local data centers could encourage, while cautioning that an overemphasis on data localization could stifle innovation and collaboration. This indicates a need for balanced policies that foster growth without hampering existing partnerships.

Dr. Martin Koyabe presented an overview of the broader challenges on the African continent, referencing a lack of adequate data centers, the under-utilization of renewable energy sources, and the need for capacity building within the workforce. He argued for a harmonization of data policies across the region, particularly as these regulations impact small and medium-sized enterprises that significantly contribute to the economies of African countries. The call for a continental data policy to standardize regulations reflects a proactive approach to mitigate disparate challenges faced by individual countries.

In synthesizing these perspectives, several common themes emerged: the pressing need for infrastructure investment, the importance of regulatory frameworks, the necessity for skilled personnel, and fostering collaboration among nations. Despite the challenges, there is recognition of the potential benefits that well-managed data sovereignty can create for economic growth and community autonomy. Overall, the discussions underscore that building a robust local data ecosystem requires strategic partnerships, strong regulatory oversight, and innovative solutions to harness the potential of digital technologies for socio-economic development in Africa and beyond.

The dialogue transitioned toward the significance of cross-border data sharing, particularly in contexts such as disaster management and economic growth. Dr. Toshikazu Sakano introduced the idea of digital surveillance and emphasized the importance of understanding data flow through layered structures, physical, IP, and application layers citing the telecommunications industry's role in this structure. He also underscored the vital link between having data centers in a country and facilitating local technological growth, suggesting that cross-border data sharing could enhance economic development.

Providing the government perspective, Mr. Kashifu Inuwa Abdullahi, the Director General, the National IT Development Agency - NITDA stressed the importance of data classification, advocating for clear regulations that differentiate sensitive government data from less critical commercial information. This call for clear regulations was echoed by other speakers, who emphasized the need for harmonized regional policies to streamline cross-border data flows without compromising security. Also, Dr. Kossi Amessinou noted the need for governments to utilize data effectively for economic development.

Dr. Jimson Olufuye, CEO, Kontemporary Konsulting Ltd & Founder/fmr Chair, Chair of the Advisory Council, AfICTA, and Ms. Ulandi Exner, AfICTA Chair highlighted that establishing local data centers is a significant hurdle, with financial and technical challenges, including unreliable electricity supplies and limited expertise, hindering progress. However, they emphasized the need to adopt innovative solutions like renewable energies to tackle the challenges. While it seemed impossible to successfully run a data center with little or no downtime, Dr. Jimson Olufuye pointed to a 10-year successful solar-powered data center built in Nigeria.

Dr. Melissa Sassi further contributed her extensive experience in tech innovation, discussing the importance of local technical infrastructure for fostering innovation across different regions. She highlighted the transformative potential of technology to address local community problems while referencing the growing demands for data centers and their energy consumption. Melissa shared insights into trends in cooling technology and sustainable practices that can mitigate environmental impacts, especially in developing countries.

Ms. Mary Uduma, representing the Civil Society, voiced concerns regarding data localization and cross-border data flow. She addressed the complexities of legal and regulatory issues that arise when data moves across borders, stressing the need for synchronized data protection laws among countries to facilitate seamless data sharing while preserving security.

In 

 FUTURE OF GOVERNANCE IN AFRICA

(Exploring the nexus between governance and technology)

18 December 2024

Riyadh,

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

SESSION REPORT

Opening Session Summary:

The opening session set the stage for a robust exploration of Africa's governance future, focusing on the convergence of technology and governance. It delved into innovative governance strategies tailored to the African context, underscoring the transformative power of digital technologies in overcoming governance challenges and unlocking the continent's vast potential.

Objective:

The objective of the workshop was to develop strategies for leveraging digital technologies to enhance governance, address challenges posed by emerging technologies, and create inclusive systems that empower marginalized communities. 

In his welcoming remarks, Hon. Ammar Hadjar, Representative of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria and Chairperson of the APR Committee of Focal Points, emphasized the need for collaborative efforts to bridge the digital divide and ensure that marginalized communities benefit from technological advancements.

In his keynote address, H.E. Ambassador Aminu Nasir, Nigerian Ambassador to the African Union, stressed the importance of digital leadership and commended Nigeria’s progress in digital governance. He praised Nigeria’s ratification of the Malabo Convention and its efforts in protecting digital rights. Ambassador Nasir advocated for the establishment of a continent-wide Data Protection Authority to standardize and enforce data protection measures across Africa.

UN Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa, Mrs. Cristina Duarte, emphasized the necessity of consistent investment in digital public infrastructure. She noted that digital transformation is not merely a policy option but a prerequisite for sustainable development. Mrs. Duarte urged stakeholders to rethink policymaking with a focus on sustainable finance models, governance reforms, and peacebuilding. She highlighted the importance of addressing Africa's governance challenges before prioritizing technological solutions, emphasizing the need for strong state institutions and sustainable development to harness technology effectively.

Amb. Salah Siddig Hammad, Head of the African Governance Architecture (AGA) Secretariat at the African Union, spoke about governance challenges in Africa, including conflict and inadequate infrastructure. He emphasized that technology alone cannot resolve these issues without political will, reliable infrastructure, and effective orientation processes. Amb. Hammad also stressed the importance of balancing internet access with responsible usage and strengthening national early warning systems to integrate them into continental frameworks.

In her opening remarks, H.E. Amb. Marie-Antoinette Rose Quatre, CEO of APRM, underscored the importance of ethical and inclusive technology in governance. She stated, “Technology is not just a tool, it is the bridge that connects dreams to reality.” She further emphasized that without ethics, inclusivity, and accountability, technology could deepen inequalities and undermine trust. Amb. Quatre called for bold and transformative action to ensure technology strengthens governance, highlighting APRM’s role in leading e-governance capacity-building initiatives.

The session showcased best practices from APRM participating states, notably Nigeria’s commitment to digital governance and its ratification of the Malabo Convention, which serves as a model for strengthening cybersecurity frameworks and promoting inclusive governance.

Key Takeaways from the Opening Session:

• Reliance on indigenous technologies and mainstreaming digital tools in governance processes to address gaps.

• APRM’s role in ensuring technology fosters good governance, economic prosperity, and sustainable development.

Session One: Influence of Digital Transformation on Democracy and Political Governance in Africa

The Fireside Chat examined the role of technology in conflict prevention and early warning systems, addressing challenges and opportunities for governance in Africa. The discussion highlighted historical challenges such as slavery, colonialism, and civil conflicts, while acknowledging progress in elections and technology use.

Key Challenges:

1. Digital divide, especially in rural areas with limited access to technology and reliable energy.

2. Lack of awareness and education hindering effective use of digital tools.

3. Need for strong political will to support technological initiatives and overcome societal resistance to rapid change.

The session emphasized APRM’s role in promoting governance but stressed better integration of technology at the grassroots level for improved information-sharing and conflict prevention.

Dr. Vasu Gounden, Executive Director of the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), delivered expert insights on the critical role of cyber diplomacy in advancing Africa’s development and security objectives. He underscored the need for Africa to leverage digital tools to strengthen its autonomy, resist digital colonialism, and align technological advancements with the continent’s broader development and security goals.

Dr. Gounden emphasized the importance of establishing a unified cyber diplomacy framework, led by the African Union and APRM, to harmonize cybersecurity policies and promote regional cooperation. He highlighted the necessity of capacity-building programs to equip diplomats with skills to address cyber threats and disputes, supported by partnerships for knowledge transfer and technical expertise. Trust and accountability were also identified as essential pillars, requiring the establishment of cyber incident response frameworks and adherence to international norms to ensure transparency in Africa’s digital landscape.

Furthermore, Dr. Gounden advocated for the integration of cyber diplomacy into peacebuilding and conflict prevention efforts, including the development of early warning systems and confidence-building measures. He also emphasized the role of public-private partnerships in driving innovation and fostering inclusive, accountable policy-making.

Concluding his remarks, Dr. Gounden stressed that Africa’s digital transformation depends on a cohesive cyber diplomacy strategy to enhance security, governance, and development, with the APRM positioned to play a central role in guiding this process.

Session One's Panel Discussion Overview: 

The session opened with Mr. Kashifu Inuwa Abdullahi, Director-General of NITDA, Nigeria, highlighting the country’s efforts to regulate social media. He emphasized that NITDA is strengthening social media governance through a Code of Practice aligned with Nigerian laws. This framework addresses challenges such as misinformation and harmful content by leveraging local fact-checkers to ensure contextual accuracy. Notably, platforms are mandated to report on content moderation activities, resulting in the removal of over 60 million pieces of harmful content in the past year. 

The discussion further highlighted the risks that AI poses to governance and security. Ms Jimena Sofia Viveros Alvarez, CEO of iQulibriumAI, underscored the potential threats to national security, especially in the Global South, where fragile governance systems may be vulnerable to exploitation by both state and non-state actors.

To mitigate the impact of social media while promoting democratic engagement, Ms Mercy Ndegwa, Director of Public Policy at META (formerly Facebook) Africa, highlighted META’s efforts to foster responsible digital interaction. She emphasized the use of self-regulation, AI-driven tools, and partnerships with local experts to address regional and cultural nuances across Africa.

Building on the panelists' suggestions, Dr. Nomalanga Mashinini, Senior Lecturer at Wits University, stressed the importance of participatory governance. She advocated for governments to shift from a top-down communication model to a more interactive approach on social media, promoting inclusive participation and enhancing accountability.

The panel explored the impact of AI, big data, and social media on political pluralism, focusing on governance challenges such as:

• AI Risks: Threats to national security due to misuse by state and non-state actors.

• Digital Divide: Marginalized groups need protection through digital literacy programs.

• Misinformation and Cybersecurity: Addressing fake news, cyberattacks, and privacy violations.

• Promoting Democratic Engagement: Meta promotes responsible digital engagement through self-regulation, AI tools, and collaboration with local experts to address regional and cultural nuances in Africa.

• Participatory Governance: Governments should transition from a top-down communication model to a more interactive approach on social media, ensuring inclusive participation and fostering accountability. 

Key Takeaways from Session One's Panel Discussion:

• Government’s efforts aim to ensure platforms adhere to local regulations, improve content moderation, and combat misinformation.
• Africa needs resilient AI governance frameworks, supported by regional and international cooperation, to manage the dual-use nature of AI technologies ethically and responsibly.
• Public-private partnerships are essential to create laws that ensure safe, inclusive, effective digital spaces and responsible platform use particularly during elections.

Session Two: Impact of Digital Transformation on Economic Governance and Resource Management in Africa

The second panel discussion focused on the influence of digital transformation on economic governance, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

H.E. Dr. Ismaila Ceesay, Minister of Information of the Republic of The Gambia, set the tone for the panel discussion by emphasizing the transformative role of digital technologies in strengthening governance, combating corruption, and enhancing public service delivery. He underscored the significance of digital transformation in advancing economic governance, highlighting key initiatives focused on improving tax collection, combating corruption, and enhancing resource management through digital economy, literacy, and identity programs.

Dr. Ceesay stressed that digital transformation is critical to improving governance, reducing corruption, and enhancing public services across Africa. He noted that digital platforms promote transparency and accountability by enabling direct engagement between citizens and governments. However, while progress is being made, challenges persist, particularly in fostering innovation and strengthening infrastructure.

The Minister highlighted the revolutionary impact of mobile technology in transforming service delivery in sectors such as education, finance, and healthcare. Despite these advancements, he acknowledged that limited access to funding for businesses and governments continues to hinder progress, underscoring the urgent need for investments in digital infrastructure and robust policy frameworks.

Furthermore, Dr. Ceesay recognized the potential of innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT) to drive growth and efficiency. However, he cautioned that financial exclusion remains a barrier to accessing essential services. He emphasized that governments must take the lead in building inclusive digital ecosystems that not only empower citizens but also position them as active creators and contributors in the global digital economy.

Session Two's Panel Discussion Overview: 

The session underscored the pivotal role of e-governance in enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability to address Africa’s economic and resource management challenges. Mr. Adeyinka Adeyemi, Director General of the Africa eGovernance Conference Initiative in Rwanda, emphasized the imperative for African nations to adopt data-driven systems and establish robust legal frameworks to support key sectors such as agriculture, education, and finance. He highlighted that with well-defined policies, Africa can unlock its digital potential and drive sustainable development.

The discussion further emphasized the importance of digitizing public services and leveraging data to position Africa as an active participant in the global digital economy. Ms. Uyoyo Edosio, Principal Innovation and Digital Expert at the African Development Bank (AfDB) in Côte d'Ivoire, stressed the need to prioritize infrastructure development, particularly high-quality networks, to support advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and data-driven services. She reiterated that digitizing public services and generating reliable data are fundamental to improving governance, enhancing service delivery, and fostering economic growth across the continent.

Additionally, the discussion underscored the importance of digitizing public services and promoting digital literacy to empower citizens and enable meaningful participation in the global economy. Regional collaboration and strategic partnerships with development agencies were also recognized as essential for accelerating shared progress and fostering an inclusive and sustainable digital transformation across Africa.

Session Two's Panel Discussion Highlights:

• Innovation in Payment Systems: Addressing cross-border payment challenges such as speed, cost and transparency.

• Infrastructure: High-quality networks needed to support AI and emerging technologies.

• Financial Inclusion: Leveraging technology to bridge gaps in funding and access to services.

• Data-Driven Systems: Enhancing efficiency and transparency through digitized public services.

• Regional Collaboration: Promoting shared progress through cooperation and development partnerships.

Session Key Takeaways:

1. E-governance is critical for efficiency, transparency, and service delivery.

2. Digital literacy and infrastructure development are vital for inclusive growth.

3. Policies must evolve alongside technology to address emerging risks and opportunities.

Key Messages

1. Technology is transforming governance in Africa by promoting transparency, inclusivity, accountability, economic growth, and sustainable development across Africa. However, its potential can only be fully harnessed if supported by ethical frameworks, digital infrastructure and policies that prioritize data protection and accountability.

2. Ethical and inclusive digital governance is critical to ensure that technological advancements do not exacerbate inequality. Frameworks must be developed to protect marginalized groups, promote transparency and build trust between citizens and institutions in Africa.

3. Public-private partnerships and regional collaboration are essential to close the digital divide and address governance challenges in Africa. These collaborations can foster innovation, enhance infrastructure and build the capacity needed to manage rapid technological changes.

4. Investments in education, digital literacy and skills development are fundamental for digital transformation. By improving human capital, African countries can ensure that technology becomes a tool for empowerment and economic inclusion.

5. The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) remains committed to guiding Africa’s governance transformation by promoting e-governance and aligning digital strategies with AU Agenda 2063, AU Continental AI strategy and AU Digital Transformation Strategy (DTS), UN SDGs and other development frameworks.

Key Insights

1. Emerging digital technologies, including AI, big data, quantum computing, and automation, present transformative opportunities to strengthen conflict prevention, improve economic governance and enhance public service delivery. However, this can be achieved by addressing infrastructure gaps, ensuring equitable access and tackling challenges such as fake news, misinformation, and cybersecurity threats to promote responsible and secure usage.

2. Cybersecurity and data protection frameworks are vital to establishing trust in governance systems. Safeguarding digital rights and addressing cybersecurity threats will strengthen public confidence and create secure environments for digital governance. Governments must implement Malabu convention and enforce measures to protect critical infrastructure, safeguard data privacy and prevent cybercrimes.

3. The connection between technology and economic growth cannot be overstated. Africa has seen remarkable developments in its tech ecosystem, with start-ups and innovation hubs emerging across the continent. Africa’s digital economy has immense growth potential, as seen in fintech innovations and e-commerce platforms. Digital transformation can drive economic growth, financial inclusion and macroeconomic stability by integrating Africa into global markets. Leveraging innovation and emerging technologies will position Africa as a competitive player in the global digital economy.

Lessons Learnt

1. Limited infrastructure, low digital literacy rates and unequal access to digital technologies in Africa, especially in rural areas, continue to hinder the adoption of e-governance and inclusive development. Addressing these gaps is essential to fully harness the benefits of digital transformation. This requires investments in connectivity, education and inclusive policies.

2. Cyber diplomacy has become a key tool for building trust, resolving disputes, and strengthening governance systems. Establishing regional frameworks for cyber diplomacy can enhance Africa’s resilience to cyber threats and support peacebuilding efforts.

3. Nigeria’s commitment to digital governance highlights the importance of national leadership in driving data protection and inclusion. Nigeria’s ratification of the Malabo Convention serves as a model for other nations to strengthen their cybersecurity frameworks and promote inclusive governance.

Next Steps

1. Policy recommendations should be developed to integrate technology into governance systems while addressing challenges related to cybersecurity, AI ethics, and data protection.

2. Expand APRM e-Governance capacity-building programs to equip policymakers, law enforcement, and citizens with the skills needed to adapt to digital transformation. Training initiatives should prioritize digital literacy and technical expertise to foster inclusive development.

3. Strengthen APRM-led digital governance initiatives by scaling up e-governance projects and supporting member states in adopting innovative technologies. APRM and other key stakeholders will lead regional efforts to harmonize standards and best practices.

4. APRM to establish monitoring mechanisms to assess the impact of digital transformation on governance and socio-economic development. Progress and impact should be closely monitored to evaluate the outcomes of e-governance initiatives by establishing clear benchmarks and performance indicators which will guide future efforts toward sustainable governance reforms.

Open Forum Report 

Safeguarding Critical Infrastructure Beyond Border: Uniting Diplomatic and Technical Efforts for a Cyber Resilient Digital Future 

Executive Summary 

The open forum on safeguarding transnational critical infrastructure highlighted the growing risks posed by cyber threats to essential systems such as energy networks, subsea cables, space assets, and cloud infrastructure. Participants emphasized the need for closer collaboration between diplomatic and technical communities, targeted capacity-building initiatives for developing countries, and inclusive multi-stakeholder dialogues to address these challenges. Key calls to action included strengthening CERT-to-CERT cooperation, operationalizing UN mechanisms for communication during ICT crises, fostering regional and global collaboration to enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure delivering services across borders, and convening a series of multi-stakeholder dialogues to discuss threats and critical infrastructures requiring protection. These efforts are essential to ensuring global stability, security, and equitable participation in cybersecurity governance. 

Themes and Discussion 

A central focus of the forum was the critical role of transnational CI, encompassing diverse components such as energy systems, transportation networks, subsea cables, satellite systems, and cloud infrastructure. These infrastructures underpin essential societal functions, with many operating across multiple jurisdictions to deliver critical services. For example, subsea cables, which transmit over 95% of international data traffic, form the backbone of global communications, supporting both civilian and military operations. Similarly, satellite systems play a pivotal role in providing global internet connectivity, particularly in remote and underserved areas. These systems’ dual-use nature further underscores their significance in maintaining global communication and critical functionality. 

The interconnectedness of these infrastructures introduces unique vulnerabilities. Disruptions to one component, such as a severed subsea cable or interference with satellite communications, can cascade across borders, amplifying risks to regional and global stability. The transnational and dual-use characteristics of such systems also make them particularly appealing targets for malicious ICT activities, enabling attackers to amplify their reach and impact. Such activities could disrupt both military operations and essential civilian services. Additionally, participants highlighted that these risks are exacerbated by the increasing complexity of the threat landscape, including physical threats, such as accidental cable damage, and cyber threats, like malware attacks on satellite systems. To address these challenges, the forum underscored the importance of embedding cybersecurity considerations into the design and development of critical infrastructure projects from the outset, ensuring resilience against both emerging and traditional threats. 

The discussions also emphasized the necessity of bridging the gap between the diplomatic and technical communities. Participants identified the need for closer collaboration at both the national, regional, and international levels to enhance the protection of transnational CI. This includes fostering improved communication and trust among stakeholders, facilitating knowledge-sharing, and building mechanisms to prevent and respond to ICT incidents. Establishing formalized networks and frameworks was highlighted as a key step in strengthening these synergies. 

Capacity building emerged as another critical theme. Developing countries, in particular, face unique challenges in identifying and protecting their CI. The forum highlighted the need for targeted training programs and resources to empower technical experts and policymakers to effectively safeguard these infrastructures. Multi-stakeholder cooperation was repeatedly emphasized as essential to achieving scalable and inclusive solutions, with participants advocating for regional and global collaboration to ensure that all countries can benefit from shared expertise and resources. 

Participants also recognized the importance of fostering inclusive participation in cybersecurity initiatives. By integrating diverse perspectives and promoting gender equality, efforts to enhance CI protection can be more representative and effective. Initiatives such as fellowships and mentorship programs were highlighted as effective tools to empower underrepresented groups and ensure that the benefits of cyber resilience extend to all communities. 

Pathways Forward 

The forum identified several actionable steps to address the challenges discussed. Strengthening collaboration between diplomatic and technical communities is essential to aligning policy and operational responses to cyber threats. Mechanisms such as CERT-to-CERT cooperation and communication directories can facilitate timely and coordinated responses to incidents. Additionally, participants called for greater engagement in international cybersecurity discussions, ensuring that all stakeholders have a voice in shaping global policies. 

Building capacity in developing countries was seen as a priority, with a focus on equipping technical experts and policymakers with the tools and knowledge needed to protect their CI. Scenario-based resilience planning and targeted training programs were proposed as effective strategies to achieve this goal. The forum also emphasized the need for inclusive, multi-stakeholder dialogues to examine evolving threats and identify critical infrastructures requiring protection. Such dialogues can provide a platform for collaboration and innovation, fostering solutions that are both practical and scalable. 

Conclusion 

The forum underscored the interconnectedness of transnational CI and the collective responsibility to safeguard these essential assets. Through enhanced collaboration, capacity building, and inclusive dialogue, the global community can work together to mitigate risks and strengthen the resilience of transnational CI. The session concluded with a commitment to continue these conversations through follow-up initiatives, ensuring that the insights and recommendations generated during the forum translate into meaningful action. Participants left with a shared sense of purpose and determination to advance the protection of transnational critical infrastructure as a cornerstone of international peace and security. 

Workshop #86: The Role of Citizens: Informing and Maintaining e-Government provided a vibrant discussion exploring how governments can engage citizens in shaping e-government initiatives. With speakers hailing from the technical community, human rights groups, and civil society organizations across four different continents, this workshop provided a blend of global perspectives enabling a nuanced discussion of the future of digital public service delivery and design. Overall, the conversation largely centered on two primary themes:

1. Ways in which governments can proactively seek the input of traditionally marginalized communities, and
2. The importance of accountability mechanisms that enable citizens to monitor the use of their data and hold leaders responsible for the broader effectiveness of e-government programs.

The conversation followed a semi-structured approach, where four primary questions were posed to the panelists, allowing for free-flowing conversation with time for clarification between questions.

The first question panelists addressed was: How can we most effectively create channels for citizen participation in the design of e-government systems while still addressing security concerns? Responses to this question highlighted the need for comprehensive stakeholder mapping ahead of technical system design and posed the idea of utilizing existing organizations such as community centers and churches to reach, better understand, and effectively engage with underserved communities where demographic data may not be enough to understand digital service needs. Panelists also discussed the importance of secure digital identities as a foundation for e-government initiatives to ensure the integrity of critical data, from citizen petitions to election outcomes. Additionally, panelists emphasized the role that a strong civil society can play in fostering open dialogue and generating consensus among citizens on the direction of e-government initiatives. Similarly, panelists articulated the need for governments to set clear benchmarks to measure both positive and negative sentiments among citizens regarding e-government initiatives, with the intention of real adaptation based on citizen feedback.

Moving to an exploration of concrete frameworks for citizen engagement, the second question panelists were asked was: What form should citizen participation in e-government take beyond the mere use of e-government systems?Multiple panelist responses to this question addressed the need for relevant research to be incorporated into the public elements of government planning in a way that productively guides engagement, as opposed to being conducted, published, and then shelved away from direct implementation with citizen stakeholders. Another panelist response highlighted the advantages of explicitly requiring stakeholder input as a precursor to the digitization of government services, utilizing the successful case study of Estonia’s feedback-gathering process. Other panelist ideas to move citizens from being passive recipients of e-government initiatives to active participants included investment in public-private partnerships that bring more diverse voices into decision-making spaces, as well as utilizing an open-source system where source code can be verified by both citizens and third parties—fostering an environment of transparency and accountability. Another topic brought up during this part of the workshop was the recognition that citizen involvement must account for the need for government services to be user-friendly and sufficiently robust so that citizens, particularly youth, actually want to be involved and become champions of further e-government efforts.

The third question panelists addressed was: How might citizens be included as stakeholders in the design of e-government systems to address human rights concerns surrounding the collection and processing of citizen data?One course of action discussed was the potential of giving leadership positions to youth outside of the political sphere to serve in roles of accountability and responsibility. In responding to this question, multiple panelists again emphasized the importance of a strong civil society that can effectively identify challenges related to the misuse of citizen data but also has the power to pressure governments to act swiftly and stringently in disciplining officials who misuse citizen data. At this point in the workshop, the floor was opened to participants, where ideas were exchanged about implementing e-government initiatives in states currently facing allegations of human rights abuses.

After addressing question three, the discussion shifted to the fourth and final question posed to panelists: How might e-government systems be designed to address the needs of vulnerable members of the population, and what are the existing best practices in this regard? One idea shared on this topic was the offering of proactive government services, following the example set in Estonia, where citizens—and particularly members of marginalized communities—benefit from being proactively offered services that meet their needs at each stage of life without the need to actively search for them. Similarly, panelists discussed the need for e-government interfaces to provide proactive adjustments for people with various visual, audio, and other disabilities.

After addressing question four, the workshop concluded with a brief question-and-answer period, welcoming input and ideas from participants.

Context

This hybrid session facilitated in-person by Ms Jumana Haj-Ahmad – and online by Ms Afrooz Kaviani Johnson – explored multi-sectoral strategies that seek to enable children to benefit from digital technologies while guarding against risks. 

Panel discussion

Dr Maimoonah Al Khalil, Secretary General, Family Affairs Council, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, outlined key initiatives under the National Framework for Child Safety Online, launched in 2023. This framework focuses on four areas – awareness, enablement, prevention, and protection – implemented through 10 tracks in collaboration with 12 government entities, civil society, and the private sector. For example, enablement includes capacity-building initiatives aiming to equip teachers and parents with the skills needed to identify online risks and respond effectively. Another track focuses on integrated governance to ensure coordinated responses when children experience online harm. A recent national awareness campaign, led by the Family Affairs Council, brought together key stakeholders to promote digital safety, encourage healthy digital habits, and advocate for the use of parental controls, reporting tools, and support mechanisms. The framework serves as a coordination mechanism, aligning stakeholders under a unified vision for child safety online.

Ms Alaa Al Faadhel, Global Cybersecurity Forum (GCF), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, highlighted how the GCF approaches cybersecurity as a multidimensional issue, encompassing geopolitics, technology, behaviour, and social factors, with child protection as a core priority under the social dimension. Entrusted by His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Salman to lead the ‘Child Protection in Cyberspace initiative’, GCF aims to develop a child protection framework in over 50 countries, upskill 16 million people, and protect 150 million children globally. To achieve these ambitious targets, GCF has developed a strategy informed by a comprehensive global landscape analysis and a survey involving parents and children from 24 countries across six regions. This year, GCF and its partners hosted the inaugural ‘Child Protection in Cyberspace Global Summit’, culminating in 12 key recommendations aimed at driving meaningful action to protect children worldwide.

Mr Paul Clark, Executive Manager of Education, Prevention and Inclusion, eSafety Commissioner, Australia, discussed eSafety’s education programmes tailored to the needs of children and youth from early childhood to their early 20s. Special attention is given to vulnerable groups who may face greater risks online but also derive significant benefits from digital engagement. Central to eSafety’s approach is the eSafety Youth Council, a diverse group of young people aged 13–24, who contribute to reviewing educative content, supporting teaching and education models, and informing broader policy decisions impacting them. Recently passed Australian legislation will restrict access to certain social media platforms for individuals under 16. Acknowledging the complex relationship between mental health, social media, and online engagement, eSafety will contribute research and insights to assist the government and ensure that any new legislation is effective in its measures and minimises unintended consequences.   

Ms Floreta Faber, Deputy Director General, National Cyber Security Authority, Albania, emphasized that child online safety is one of the main pillars of their work, reflected in current cybersecurity strategy and the recently updated cybersecurity law. This law tasks the Authority with coordinating efforts across institutions to create a safer online environment for children and young people. The approach involves establishing a robust legal framework and fostering collaboration among government institutions and civil society. The Authority is working with international partners on various educative and awareness-raising initiatives across the country, working with the schools, students, teachers, parents, and security officers. It is promoting safety of children online on international levels as well, including in an upcoming event with 13 South-Central European countries on this subject. Future efforts will focus on creating a more organized framework to engage diverse groups, with special attention to vulnerable and marginalized groups, ensuring that all voices are considered in building a safer digital environment.

Mr Richard Wingfield, Director, Technology Sectors, BSR, London office, highlighted key gaps and promising trends in industry practices. BSR, a global nonprofit, works with companies to implement human rights principles, using the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Companies are increasingly integrating respect for children’s rights into products, services, and broader corporate strategies. Industry efforts to protect children online are becoming more sophisticated, evolving beyond parental controls to include age-specific content classification, digital safety education, risk assessments for new features, and tailored controls based on developmental stages. However, gaps remain. Safety considerations dominate current efforts, while opportunities to promote children’s rights, such as privacy, and freedom of expression, are often overlooked. Greater transparency is needed, including insights into stakeholder engagement, and nuanced data on how different age groups and vulnerable groups of children are impacted.

Ms Helen Mason, Director of Partnerships and Operations, Child Helpline International, Netherlands, highlighted the dual role of child helplines as both response and prevention mechanisms, including for online harms. Child helplines operate at the intersection of child rights and technology and need to be present in the places where children are, including online environments. Child helpline data, derived directly from children’s voices, offer valuable insights into help-seeking behaviours, and informs policy and programming at national, regional, and global levels. Mental health (32%) and violence (24%) are the most common reasons children contact helplines. Partnerships with industry are critical to integrate referral mechanisms into digital services, ensuring timely support for children. Technology has enhanced data collection, analysis, and even the use of AI (safely) to process chat information from child helplines, crucial to understanding help seeking behaviour. However, raising awareness about child helplines remains a significant challenge, particularly as many children may not recognise abusive situations or feel unable to disclose them. Promoting awareness of child helplines is therefore vital for prevention efforts as well as fostering partnerships with industry to provide seamless referrals to child helpline services.

Interactive discussion

The interactive discussion highlighted key concerns and initiatives around child online safety. A participant inquired about Australia's efforts to understand adolescents' reactions to the new legislation to prevent children under 16 from accessing certain social media. Mr Clark explained that a full evaluation will be conducted as part of implementing the legislation. Baseline research is currently being planned and will serve as the foundation for tracking the impact of the law over time. Another audience member emphasised global collaboration on a comprehensive online safety benchmark. A further question raised concerns about new internet standards undermining content filters and enabling tech companies to evade accountability. In response, Mr Clark stressed the importance of “safety by design” and Australia’s upcoming legislation to enforce a duty of care, holding platforms accountable for user safety.

Conclusion

As the digital landscape continues to evolve, protecting children online will remain a critical global priority. This will require ongoing dialogue, research, and adaptive strategies to address emerging challenges and opportunities. Continued collaboration, including governments, private sector, civil society, and children themselves, and innovation are essential to create a safer online environment for children while respecting the full range of their rights.

Further resources

United Nations Children’s Fund, Protecting Children From Violence and Exploitation in Relation to the Digital Environment: Policy Brief, https://www.unicef.org/documents/protecting-children-violence-and-exploitation-relation-digital-environment

United Nations Children’s Fund, Child Rights Impact Assessments in Relation to the Digital Environment, https://www.unicef.org/reports/CRIA-responsibletech

IGF 2024 WS #43 States and Digital Sovereignty: Infrastructural Challenges

The workshop discussed how digital sovereignty is increasingly crucial for states due to reliance on global tech giants. Digital sovereignty was described as a multi-stakeholder model, emphasizing collaboration among states, regions, and private enterprises to achieve self-determination in the digital realm.

Main insights from different global perspectives discussed in the workshop:

1. Georgia's experience with telecom infrastructure and the necessity for resilient, sovereign digital infrastructure to ensure data protection and connectivity.

2. Africa's challenges with fiscal and capacity constraints impacting digital transformation, advocating for public-private partnerships to foster development.

3. The critical role of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in achieving digital sovereignty, emphasizing the use of open-source technologies and global collaborations to build local capacities.

4. Brazil’s AI initiatives and infrastructure investments, stressing the need for strategic alignment with national and regional digital policies to overcome connectivity challenges.

Audience interactions included questions on regional connectivity impacts and challenges with proprietary technologies, highlighting the importance of international cooperation for sovereignty and self-reliance in the digital domain.

The workshop concluded with a call for countries to balance internal capabilities with external partnerships to navigate the complexities of digital sovereignty effectively.

Main Conclusions from the Workshop:

1. Need for Digital Sovereignty: Digital sovereignty is crucial as states seek greater control over their digital infrastructures to protect data and fundamental rights. This requires a collaborative approach among multiple stakeholders, including governments, regional organizations, and the private sector.

2. Connectivity Challenges: Meaningful connectivity remains a challenge, particularly in regions of the Global South. Improving telecom infrastructure and making connectivity affordable are essential steps to ensure local populations can access domestic technological innovations.

3. Role of the Private Sector and Public-Private Partnerships: The private sector plays a critical role in developing digital infrastructure, especially in countries with fiscal and capacity constraints. Public-private partnerships can help expand existing infrastructure and introduce necessary technological innovations.

4. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): DPIs are fundamental for empowering governments in their digital functions. By adopting open-source technologies

The workshop session explored the challenges and implications of preserving collective memory in the digital age, bringing together a diverse audience and an expert panel to examine the intersection of memory, technology, and governance. The discussions addressed how the Internet and digital technologies shape, preserve, and sometimes erode memory, with particular attention to the political and cultural dimensions of these processes. The event highlighted the importance of preserving digital memory in the context of struggles for equity and democracy and examined various challenges and solutions to ensure access to collective memories across different sectors and regions. The on-site moderator opened the session with data from a Pew Research Center study, revealing that a significant portion of online content from the past decade has disappeared. This trend underscores the urgency of addressing the impermanence of digital information and the implications for collective memory.

The session featured a historical overview of digital memory practices, tracing the transition from analog formats to digital storage. The obsolescence of storage media (physical media) has resulted in the loss of many digitized archives, while selective storage processes often prioritize commercial and organizational interests over the public good. The role of artificial intelligence (AI) and 'datafication' in shaping memory was an important aspect highlighted during the panel, with an emphasis on how content processing and indexing introduce biases, perpetuate stereotypes, and create challenges for preserving accurate and diverse collective memories. Generative AI was highlighted as a significant disruptor, producing fabricated content that infiltrates the digital landscape and challenges the integrity of historical narratives. A critical example is the difficulty of generative AI in producing realistic images of diverse, everyday occurrences, while creating inaccurate historical depictions shaped by stereotypes.

The marginalization of underrepresented cultures and stories in the digital realm emerged as a critical issue. Participants emphasized the importance of multilingualism and inclusive cultural narratives to foster a more equitable collective memory. Vulnerable populations often face barriers to contributing to and shaping digital memory due to systemic inequities and technological disparities. The discussion highlighted the need for democratic infrastructure and meaningful access to technology to empower marginalized communities. Concerns were raised about the manipulation and misuse of data by governments and private organizations, which further jeopardize public memory's integrity. In regions like Nepal and South Asia, lack of infrastructure and access to technology perpetuates the invisibility of vulnerable groups in digital narratives.

The political and ethical dimensions of memory preservation were explored by the participants, with an emphasis on the need for ethical governance and collaborative approaches to curating digital memory. Initiatives from Brazil, such as Tempora Platform and Graúna Project, illustrated innovative efforts to archive government websites and document disinformation timelines and preserve information from civil society organizations in Brazil. These examples also demonstrate the complexities of balancing accessibility, technological constraints and resource allocation in preserving diverse narratives. The Graúna Project, an initiative from civil society,  highlights the complexities of memory preservation in the digital environment, such as the need for robust infrastructure, sustainable investments, and collaborative efforts. The environmental costs of digital memory preservation were also addressed, highlighting the significant energy and water resources consumed by data centers and the ethical implications of allowing private organizations to dictate what information is stored or discarded.

The audience raised critical issues and questions during the discussion. An on-site participant from Germany highlighted the absence of gender representation in historical disaster records and questioned how stakeholders can address such data gaps. Another participant pointed out the disparity between affordable technologies for private business use and the lack of investment in public memory preservation. Questions also arose about the challenges in Brazil related to digital preservation, particularly regarding storage for scientific, educational, and cultural data, and how to reconcile the transient nature of public memory with the enduring permanence of internet records in geopolitical contexts. A remote participant from India made an observation regarding the mismatch between the transient nature of public memory and the permanence of internet records, particularly in the context of geopolitical dynamics, highlighting the need for solutions to address this disparity.

The session concluded with a call to prioritize inclusive and equitable approaches to preserving digital memory. Participants emphasized the need to develop policies that ensure the representation of diverse languages and cultures, address biases in AI systems, and invest in sustainable data preservation strategies. The workshop underscored the shared responsibility of governments, businesses, and civil society to manage digital memory ethically and transparently, safeguarding collective histories and cultural identities for future generations.

Meeting Summary: Global IGF 2024

Session Title: Africa in Cyber Diplomacy: Multistakeholder Engagement

Date & Time:
Tuesday, 17 December 2024, 14:00 - 15:30

Venue:
Workshop Room 8 (Hybrid Format)

Background

This session explored Africa's evolving role in global cyber diplomacy, highlighting its critical role in promoting sustainable development and security. The workshop provided a collaborative platform for stakeholders to exchange insights, strategize on advancing African cyber diplomacy, and address challenges related to implementing UN normative frameworks in the African context.

In today's digital age, cyberspace is reshaping governance, economies, and societal structures worldwide. Africa's digital economy has immense potential, projected to contribute significantly by 2025 and growing to $712 billion by 2050. However, with this rapid digital transformation come significant challenges: rising cybercrime, digital inequality, and complex regulatory landscapes.

Session Objectives and Outcomes

The session aimed to achieve the following objectives and outcomes:

1. Establish Collaborative Frameworks and Identify Actionable Strategies: Establish Points of Contact (PoCs), Programs of Action (PoAs), and Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) to enhance digital trust and security, and identify at least three actionable strategies for African nations to strengthen their role in global cyber governance.
2. Foster Enhanced Collaboration and Dialogue: Foster dialogue and collaboration among stakeholders to drive digital transformation, enhance regional cooperation in Africa, and address challenges and opportunities related to Africa's implementation of UN cyber norms and frameworks.
3. Share Best Practices and Develop Policy Recommendations: Share best practices and practical solutions for addressing cybersecurity challenges in Africa, with a focus on replicable and scalable approaches, and develop policy recommendations for African governments and regional organizations to advance cyber diplomacy and address emerging cyber threats.

Session Highlights

Collaborative Frameworks

Dr. Mactar Seck (UNECA) emphasized the importance of establishing PoCs, PoAs, and CBMs to foster digital trust across Africa. Speakers called for African nations to align their efforts with global frameworks, including the UN's cyber norms and principles.

Addressing Challenges and Opportunities

Ms. Katherine Getao (Diplo Foundation) discussed the critical need to localize UN normative frameworks for Africa, ensuring their relevance to regional priorities. Hon. Emma Theofelus (Namibia) highlighted the role of governments in crafting policies that bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to cybersecurity tools.

Success Stories and Best Practices

Tereza Horejsova (GFCE) shared successful multistakeholder collaboration initiatives, emphasizing the importance of capacity-building programs tailored to Africa's needs. Namibia's comprehensive cybersecurity strategy was showcased as a replicable model for legislative and policy excellence in Africa.

Actionable Insights for Regional and International Cooperation

Ms. Beyza Unal (UNODA) highlighted the necessity of leveraging science and technology to address cyber threats and enhance global collaboration. Speakers stressed the importance of regional cooperation and knowledge-sharing platforms to foster innovation and resilience.

Key Takeaways

• Build Collaborative Frameworks: African nations should establish PoCs, PoAs, and CBMs to strengthen trust and security.
• Promote Regional Cooperation: Regional alliances and frameworks can enhance Africa's voice in global cyber diplomacy.
• Invest in Capacity Building: Human capital development is critical to addressing cybersecurity challenges and advancing digital transformation.
• Localize Global Frameworks: Tailoring UN cyber norms and principles to Africa's unique needs ensures their effectiveness.
• Protect Critical Infrastructure: Public-private partnerships are vital to safeguarding critical digital systems and promoting innovation.

Calls to Action

The session identified several actionable steps to enhance cyber diplomacy in Africa:

• Invest in Human Capital and Institutional Frameworks: Equip policymakers, parliamentarians, and technical experts with the skills needed to address emerging cybersecurity challenges.
• Strengthen Regional Collaboration: Align national cyber policies and foster regional alliances to amplify Africa's influence in global cyber governance.
• Develop Comprehensive Cybersecurity Strategies: African countries must adopt and implement strategies that address national, regional, and international priorities.
• Support Local Technologies: Invest in local technological solutions to reduce dependencies on foreign-owned infrastructure.
• Promote Inclusive Participation: Engage governments, civil society, and the private sector in shaping Africa's cyber diplomacy agenda.

Digital Innovation and Transformation in the UN System

The 2024 IGF Open Forum session, titled "Digital Innovation and Transformation in the UN System," focused on the challenges and successful approaches to digital transformation within the United Nations organizations. The 90-minute session featured presentations from four UN entities, highlighting their digital strategies and innovative solutions.

Session Objectives

The open forum aimed to:

1. Discuss key challenges in digital innovation and transformation within the UN system

2. Spotlight successful approaches and learnings

3. Inspire more digital innovation and transformation in the UN

4. Highlight opportunities for synergies and best practices

Key Presentations

UNHCR: Digital Inclusion and Risk Management

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) presented its Digital Strategy, which aims to promote greater digital inclusion for forcibly displaced and stateless individuals. While acknowledging the opportunities this inclusion brings, such as access to education and employment, the presentation also addressed the associated risks, including:

- Increased fraud potential

- Community division through online hate speech

- Misinformation and disinformation

- Risks from emerging technologies in humanitarian settings

The UNHCR emphasized the need to balance these risks, especially in light of the rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence and other technologies.

UNICEF: Digital Resilience for Children's Impact

UNICEF's presentation, led by the Chief of UNICEF's global Digital Centre of Excellence, focused on "Digital resilience for impact for children." The organization showcased its approach to digital resilience in programming, encompassing:

- Data protection

- Information security

- Responsible use of data for children

UNICEF stressed the importance of maintaining digital resilience in the face of increasing cyberattacks and rapid digital innovation to ensure that their digital solutions truly benefit children.

UNJSPF: Innovative Technologies for E-Government

The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (UNJSPF) presented its innovative solution for supporting "digital identity" and periodic "proof-of-life" processes for 86,000 UN retirees and beneficiaries across 192 countries. The solution leverages:

- Blockchain technology

- Biometrics and facial recognition

- Artificial intelligence

- Global positioning technologies

UNJSPF shared lessons learned and best practices for implementing a secure, efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional paper-based methods.

UNICC: Strategic Digital Solutions and Cybersecurity

The United Nations International Computing Centre (UNICC) highlighted its role as the largest strategic partner for digital solutions and cybersecurity within the UN system. With over 50 years of experience, UNICC serves more than 90 Clients and Partner Organizations, focusing on:

- Innovative and reliable system-wide solutions

- World-class Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence

- Data and analytics practices

- Platform, software, and infrastructure solutions

UNICC emphasized its commitment to supporting the UN Secretary-General's Strategy on New Technologies, Roadmap for Digital Cooperation, and the Common Agenda.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Addressed

The session's content aligned with several SDGs, including:

- SDG 1: No Poverty

- SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

- SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

- SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

- SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities

- SDG 12: Responsible Production and Consumption

- SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

Each presentation demonstrated how digital innovation and transformation within the UN system contribute to achieving these goals through improved services, increased access to opportunities, and enhanced partnerships.

Presenters

- Dino Cataldo Dell’Accio, Chief Information Officer, United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (UNJSPF), IGO, Global

- Fui-Meng Liew, Chief of Digital Center of Excellence, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), IGO, Global

- Michael Walton, Head of Digital Services, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), IGO, Global

- Sameer Chauhan, Director, United Nations International Computing Centre (UNICC), IGO, Global

The 2024 Internet Governance Forum (IGF) featured a session titled "Blockchain Assurance for the Internet We Want and Can Trust," organized by the Dynamic Coalition on Blockchain Assurance and Security (DC-BAS).

This 60-minute session aimed to explore the intersection of blockchain technology with digital governance, focusing on real-world applications, security challenges, and policy implications.

Session Structure

The session was divided into four main parts:

1. Blockchain Maturity Assessments

   - Focus on digital health and digital identity solutions

   - Policy discussion on inclusive and secure blockchain deployment

2. Blockchain Security Risks

   - Emphasis on quantum computing impact

   - Policy considerations for addressing quantum security risks

3. AI and Blockchain Integration

   - Examination of challenges posed by AI adoption

   - Discussion on leveraging blockchain to address AI-related risks

4. Global Wellness Initiative

   - Presentation of a healthcare project integrating blockchain, AI, and diagnostics

   - Emphasis on inclusivity and sustainability in global health

Key Policy Questions

The session addressed several policy questions aligned with the IGF's vision:

1. How can stakeholders support blockchain-based solutions for digital health and identity while adhering to principles of inclusivity, privacy, and human rights?

2. What multi-stakeholder approaches can address quantum security risks to blockchain systems?

3. How can policy frameworks be developed to maximize benefits and mitigate risks of AI-blockchain synergies?

Participant Engagement

To ensure effective interaction between onsite and online attendees, the organizers implemented several strategies:

- Designated moderators for both onsite and online participants

- Ensured a support team to monitor questions and manage audience engagement

- Socialized details about the event with online publication of the agenda

- Practiced runs to identify and resolve technical issues

- Included interactive elements such as live Q&A and monitoring of audience reactions

Diverse Representation

The session featured speakers from various sectors and regions:

- Academia: American University in Cairo, Egypt

- Private Sector: AI MINDSystems Foundation, Trabelsi Loeb Legal Consultants, EarthID Ltd.

- Civil Society: Government Blockchain Association (GBA) representatives from multiple countries; Innovation Canada

- Intergovernmental Organizations: United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund

Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The session's content aligned with several SDGs, including:

- No Poverty (SDG 1)

- Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3)

- Quality Education (SDG 4)

- Gender Equality (SDG 5)

- Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9)

- Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10)

- Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (SDG 16)

- Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17)

Conclusions

This IGF 2024 session on blockchain assurance demonstrated a comprehensive approach to addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by blockchain technology in the context of internet governance. By bringing together diverse stakeholders and focusing on practical applications and policy implications, the session contributed to the ongoing dialogue on shaping a trustworthy and inclusive internet ecosystem.

This year was a pivotal moment in global electoral history, branded a "super year" as over 60 nations held elections. The stakes were monumental, with the spread of misinformation posing a significant threat to democratic processes. Against this backdrop, the IGF session "Combating Misinformation with Election Coalitions" brought together experts to explore how partnerships across sectors can counteract this menace.

Jim Prendergast opened the session, emphasizing the urgency of addressing disinformation campaigns. Such efforts are essential not only for safeguarding electoral integrity but also for rebuilding trust in civic institutions. Joining the discussion were Alex Walden of Google, Mevan Babakar, a former fact-checker now working for Google, David Ajikobi of Africa Check, and Daniel Bramatti, a veteran investigative journalist from Brazil. Together, they showcased a variety of experiences, innovations, and lessons learned.

A Collaborative Solution

Election coalitions comprised of journalists, fact-checkers, civil society organizations, and sometimes tech companies—are designed to tackle the unique challenges posed by misinformation. Mevan Babakar, speaking about Google’s role in fostering these coalitions, highlighted their potential to scale impact. She explained how election coalitions empower communities to counter disinformation by pooling resources, sharing findings, and amplifying reliable narratives.

Babakar shared insights from a six-month research project that analyzed successful coalitions worldwide. A consistent takeaway was the importance of tailoring efforts to the local context. Each country’s unique media consumption habits, election laws, and misinformation patterns necessitate bespoke strategies. For instance, radio remains a critical medium in parts of Africa, as noted by David Ajikobi, whereas digital platforms dominate in Europe.

Lessons from the Field

The session spotlighted several case studies that underscored the transformative power of collaboration:

• France (2017): The Cross-check coalition, led by AFP, united 30 organizations to combat election-related misinformation. By publishing hundreds of articles and reaching millions, the project demonstrated the power of trust-building among journalists. "Cross-check will always be special," reflected an AFP’s. "It built trust that outlived the election."
• Philippines (2022): The Facts First PH coalition exemplified innovation with its “mesh” strategy. By connecting 131 authoritative sources with over 100 local influencers and NGOs, the coalition amplified fact-checked content across communities. This layered approach was instrumental in building public trust and countering harmful narratives.
• Brazil (2018-2024): Daniel Bramatti recounted the evolution of Brazil’s largest election coalition, which began with 24 media outlets and now includes over 40 participants. Operating through consensus, the coalition’s rigorous fact-checking standards and collaborative spirit have allowed it to address not just election misinformation but also public health and climate disinformation. "A shared purpose motivates journalists more than competition," Bramatti remarked.

The Role of Technology

Technology has played a dual role in the fight against misinformation. While tools like generative AI have raised concerns about scaling disinformation, they have also provided new defenses. Babakar highlighted how AI-powered fact-checking tools are helping journalists identify recurring misinformation narratives and verify facts more efficiently. “It’s not about replacing human effort but supercharging it,” she said.

Prebunking, another innovative strategy, was also discussed. This proactive approach inoculates audiences against predictable misinformation by addressing false narratives before they gain traction. For example, in the UK, common election-related myths, such as claims about the invalidity of pencil-marked ballots, are tackled well in advance to prevent voter disenfranchisement.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite their successes, election coalitions face significant challenges. In regions with deep mistrust between civil society and government, like Chad, building coalitions is arduous. Moreover, panelists acknowledged the resource-intensive nature of coalition-building, emphasizing the need for sustained support.

One recurring concern was the potential for accusations of censorship. Babakar, drawing from her fact-checking background, stressed that fact-checking is not about silencing speech but adding context. "Fact-checking is the free speech response to misinformation," she asserted, highlighting the importance of empowering communities to combat harmful narratives themselves.

Key Takeaways and Calls to Action

The session concluded with a series of reflections and recommendations. For those interested in forming election coalitions, the advice was unanimous: relationships matter. Building trust among partners, from journalists to civil society organizations, is foundational. Bramatti emphasized the importance of choosing a neutral coordinating body to ensure credibility and fairness. Ajikobi and Babakar echoed the need for long-term investment in trust-building, noting that the first coalition may not be the most impactful, but persistence pays off.

Babakar’s final thoughts were a call to action: “Election coalitions are not just about elections. They’re about building an ecosystem of trust and collaboration that can address broader societal issues.” As the session closed, participants left with a toolkit of strategies to combat misinformation in their own contexts.

Audience Participation

We had 45 minutes of interaction with in-person and online attendees.  Several good questions as well as requests for the presentation from 5 participants.

Video of the session can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LH5OyS7EVwY

Transcript of the session can be found at https://intgovforum.org/en/content/igf-2024-day-3-workshop-room-4-ws42-combating-misinformation-with-election-coalitions 
The Geneva Internet Platform included this session in their coverage of the IGF.  https://dig.watch/updates/election-coalitions-against-misinformation

During our “Better Products and Policies Through Stakeholder Engagement,” experts from diverse fields came together to discuss how meaningful collaboration can lead to responsible innovations. The discussion, moderated by Jim Prendergast, featured insights from Richard Wingfield (BSR), Thobekile Matimbe (Paradigm Initiative), Charles Bradley (Google), and Fiona Alexander (American University). The session underscored the challenges and transformative potential of engaging stakeholders in policy and product development.

A Framework for Responsible Innovation

Richard Wingfield set the stage by emphasizing the importance of grounding stakeholder engagement in established frameworks like the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. These principles serve as a roadmap for organizations to align their actions with societal values and human rights standards. Wingfield stressed the need to prioritize engagement with communities most at risk and highlighted the value of tailoring approaches to local contexts, whether addressing cultural nuances or language barriers.

“Meaningful stakeholder engagement takes a long time but is critical to responsible business,” Wingfield noted. He acknowledged that while the UN framework provides a solid foundation, its practical implementation requires companies to establish actionable strategies. BSR’s five-step approach to stakeholder engagement—from mapping and preparation to action planning—illustrates how organizations can translate these principles into meaningful practices.

Proactive and Inclusive Engagement

Thobekile Matimbe provided a perspective on the need for proactive, rather than reactive, stakeholder engagement. Drawing from her experience with the Paradigm Initiative, she highlighted the importance of meeting communities where they are, rather than relying on one-off meetings that often fail to capture the breadth of local challenges. She underscored the “do no harm” principle, urging companies to ensure their products respect human rights and address the needs of marginalized groups, such as persons with disabilities.

Matimbe shared a proactive engagement by a telecommunications company in response to research on surveillance in Africa. Unlike many others, this company sought input directly from civil society organizations, illustrating how proactive approaches foster trust and generate actionable insights. “It’s crucial to meet the community where they are, not just cherry-pick organizations,” she asserted, calling for broader and more inclusive dialogues.

Bridging the Gap in Product Development

Charles Bradley brought an industry perspective, sharing how Google has integrated stakeholder feedback into its product development processes. Highlighting examples like Circle to Search and Google AI Overviews, Bradley illustrated the tangible benefits of early and meaningful engagement. For Circle to Search, Google’s consultations with privacy and human rights experts led to significant design changes, including stronger user controls and enhanced transparency.

“Stakeholder engagement at the start leads to more successful product launches,” Bradley observed. He also acknowledged the internal challenges, such as ensuring that expert engagement is seen as additive, rather than a speed bump to launching a product. However, by framing engagement as a pathway to better, more trusted products, Google has begun to embed this practice into its culture. Bradley’s insights demonstrated that stakeholder engagement is not only feasible but also essential in a fast-paced tech environment.

Lessons from Policy Development

Fiona Alexander gave insight into governmental policies, reflecting on her experience at the U.S. Department of Commerce. She emphasized that stakeholder engagement is most effective when guided by clear problem statements and sustained political will. Recounting of the U.S. government’s multistakeholder processes, Alexander highlighted the complexities of balancing inclusivity with efficiency.

“Stakeholder engagement isn’t a checkbox; it’s about building lasting relationships,” she said, underscoring the need for governments to commit resources and foster trust over time. Alexander also cautioned against overreliance on regulation, noting that while frameworks like the EU’s Digital Services Act can drive accountability, their long-term effectiveness remains uncertain.

Addressing Unique Challenges in Africa

Matimbe’s reflections on stakeholder engagement in Africa revealed unique challenges and opportunities. She described an environment marked by repressive governments and limited corporate engagement, yet teeming with potential for collaboration. The Digital Rights and Inclusion Forum, an annual event convening stakeholders from across the Global South, exemplifies how inclusive platforms can amplify diverse voices and foster actionable dialogues.

“Proactive stakeholder engagement ensures policies respect human rights and address real user concerns,” Matimbe reiterated, inviting more companies to participate in such forums to better understand the lived realities of communities they aim to serve.

Building a Collaborative Future

The session concluded with a shared recognition of the progress made and the road ahead. Panelists agreed that collaboration across sectors is essential to addressing the complex challenges of modern technology and governance. Transparency, long-term relationships, and tailored strategies emerged as recurring themes.

“We are a lot further advanced than we were ten, twenty years ago,” Wingfield observed. Yet, as Alexander noted, “The more transparent we can all be in all of this, the better it will be for everyone.”

From refining frameworks to fostering proactive engagement, the session highlighted that better products and policies require not just collaboration, but commitment. The discussions served as a powerful reminder that meaningful stakeholder engagement is not an optional add-on but a cornerstone of responsible innovation.

Audience Participation

We had 20 minutes of interaction with in-person and online attendees.

Video of the session can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqNJUTQgBjw  

Transcript-  https://intgovforum.org/en/content/igf-2024-day-1-workshop-room-4-ws133-better-products-and-policies-through-stakeholder-0

On December 17, 2024, RIPE NCC, the Government of Canada and CIRA co-hosted 90-minute workshop “Driving MS Engagement: Lessons from Lebanon and Canada” at IGF2024 in Riyadh. The key takeaways from the session include:

1. Collaborative Efforts in Internet Governance: Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) has played a pivotal role in fostering an open dialogue on Internet governance (IG) in Lebanon by working closely with the Ministry of ICT, OGERO, and other key stakeholders to create a structured and inclusive framework for the Lebanon IGF. The Lebanon IGF was established in 2017-2018, with ESCWA playing a pivotal role in drafting the Lebanon IGF charter and related terms of reference (TOR). These foundational documents were critical in ensuring a structured, multistakeholder,  inclusive, and sustainable framework for the forum. This approach highlights the importance of coordination and collaboration to ensure a multistakeholder, sustainable platform.
2. ISED’s Stakeholder Engagement: The Canadian Department of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development (ISED) emphasizes the importance of engaging with stakeholders to understand their priorities. By reporting out outcomes from consultations, ISED ensures that feedback loops are established and that stakeholders feel heard and valued. This iterative process fosters ongoing collaboration and strengthens government-stakeholder relationships.
3. CIRA's Activity: The Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) is active in global Internet governance, and is actively working with other technical operators to drive engagement in the key UN dialogues like the WSIS+20 Review.
4. Youth Engagement: Both Lebanon and Canada struggle with effectively engaging youth in Internet governance. In Canada, there is a gap in youth representation, particularly from rural and remote areas. To address this, experts recommend integrating Internet governance topics into university curricula and supporting youth-led organizations. This helps ensure that younger generations are prepared and involved in critical policy discussions.
5. Capacity Building for Meaningful Participation: Many smaller or marginalized groups often find it difficult to engage in Internet governance processes. There is a push to provide these groups with the necessary training, resources, and structured opportunities for participation. Ensuring their inclusion helps strengthen the multistakeholder model and ensures that all voices are represented.
6. Leveraging Technology for Broader Participation: AI and online platforms are seen as essential tools for overcoming language barriers and expanding participation in IG forums. These tools ensure that more people can engage in discussions, regardless of their geographic or linguistic background.
7. The Importance of Feedback Loops: Canada places great value on reporting back to stakeholders after consultations. This feedback loop ensures that contributions are acknowledged, and actionable steps are taken to integrate input into decision-making processes.

In conclusion, the discussions highlighted the need for ongoing collaboration, capacity building, and inclusive engagement in Internet governance, with particular focus on youth involvement and the empowerment of marginalized groups. Ensuring that all stakeholders are heard, and providing the right tools for participation, will be essential for the future of multistakeholder processes.

Workshop #14 Children in the Metaverse

Virtual Worlds and the metaverse are laying ahead of us and will have a huge impact on our future life as generative AI already has nowadays. Children are exploring the digital environment as it is and they will be early adopters of innovative services and platforms to come. Virtual worlds and generative artificial intelligence will be a major driver for network capacity and offer a wide range of opportunities and benefits but, hazards and risks cannot be ruled out. To reap the benefits and prepare a level playing field for emerging new markets, standardization is mandatory, but also risks must be anticipated and managed based on the principle of safety by design.

In the session panelists and participants discussed advantages users of all ages may gain in virtual realities with a special focus on children and young people under the age of 18 years. Concerns were expressed by Michael Barngrover from XR4Europe in regard of mixed reality in games where billions of users are already active as of today. “Social media platforms are virtual worlds, that are coming to life by us as users,” he said. Deepak Tewari  from Privately.eu underlined that with 600 mio active social media users under the age of 13 years reliable age verification is a strong desiderate. Especially in virtual reality applications where avatars are acting, speech analysis could play a major role in the future to detect in real time whether a child or an adult is speaking in order to display only age-appropriate content or advertisement. Sophie Pohle form the German Children’s Fund referred to the UN Committee’s on the Rights of the Child General Comment No. 25 that emphasizes the importance of protecting and promoting children’s rights in the digital environment by ensuring equal access, safeguarding their best interests, taking into account their evolving capacities and involving them in decision-making. GC #25 urges states to child-friendly design of platforms, solid legal frameworks, and collaborative efforts between governments, industries, and civil society to protect children while empowering them to learn, express themselves, play and participate safely online. She also pointed out that a social media ban for children could infringe their right to non-discrimination (UN-CRG, Art.2).

Maryem Lhajoui youth ambassador from the Netherlands based Digital Child Rights Foundation asked who am I in the virtual world, am I myself or my avatar? She demanded to equip children with the tools to understand their rights in the online world, as the metaverse offers them many opportunities to explore, learn, and connect. Saying that, she was seconded by Peter Joziasse who claimed a safe and fair Metaverse must be available to all the children in the world.

When young Winston form Hongkong asked how addiction to the metaverse and virtual realities could be properly addressed, Mayem told him that children need to understand what may happen to them in the metaverse and that there are also offers of help. The debate then turned to a potential regulation of virtual worlds. Emma Day from Techlegality explained how the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights apply to companies developing metaverse experiences as they do to all other companies. She also declared what this means for child rights considerations, focusing on the recently released B-Tech special briefing on the UNGPs and children’s rights in the digital environment. From her point of view there is a gap of regulation when it comes to virtual reality. Especially since larger amounts and more sensitive data demand for another level of data governance, she said and referred to advertisement based on the age of the user, as had been shown earlier by Deepak Tewari. Emma’s reasoning led Deepali Liberhan from Meta to refer to the role of parents, a question that had already been raised by Prathishta Arora. Meta, she said, works towards an age-appropriate experience for young users. They have parental supervision tools in place that apply to their virtual environments, too.

Eventually participants in the room and the panelists agreed that Internet Governance should be future oriented and take account of the assessment of new technologies. After several years of development of virtual realities it is now timely to take up on an approach to govern the new and innovative technologies in a way that balances economic interest and human rights.

Key Takeaways

Virtual environments have a huge potential for immersive learning not only but especially for children supporting their evolving capacities.

Age Assurance will be one tool to guarantee age-appropriate experiences for the users of the metaverse

Children’s right to non-discrimination (https://www.childrens-rights.digital/background/detail/material/1722) must be respected in the virtual environment in order to avoid a global metaverse divide

Calls to Action

Analyze existing regulation in regard of applying them to the metaverse and try to close the gaps

Stop focusing on child protection and follow an approach balanced with their rights to provision and participation

IGF Open Forum #42: Advancing Global Digital Cooperation from Ambition to Country-Level Action 

The session on advancing global digital cooperation, framed under the Global Digital Compact (GDC), brought together key stakeholders, including government representatives, UN agencies, technical communities, and think tanks. The event featured interactive discussions and panel exchanges aimed at identifying priorities and actionable steps to address digital transformation challenges and opportunities at the country level. The session was particularly relevant as it underscored the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration, inclusivity, and concrete actions to close the digital divide and accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 

This Open Forum brought together a distinguished group of speakers representing governments, international organizations and think tanks. The panel featured Margarita Gómez, Olaf Kolkman, Cynthia Lesufi, Robert Opp, Gitanjali Sah, and Deniz Susar and was moderated by Yu Ping Chan. It surfaced a number of key themes:  

• The importance of aligning the GDC with national needs. Robert Opp, UNDP Chief Digital Officer, underscored the multifaceted challenges countries face in their digital transformation journeys. These challenges, he explained, often revolve around strategy development, technological choices, and capacity building, with a growing demand for guidance on building AI ecosystems. Opp highlighted the alignment between the GDC and such needs, emphasizing its unprecedented inclusion of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). Referring to the upcoming WSIS+20 review, he advocated for updating action lines to better address emerging digital realities. 

• Capacity building as a cornerstone of realizing the GDC’s vision. Cynthia Lesufi, Minister Counsellor for the South African Mission to the UN Office and other International Organisations in Geneva, stressed that the GDC represents an opportunity to foster global partnerships while addressing barriers faced by low-income countries. For South Africa, capacity building stands out as a cornerstone of inclusive digital transformation, particularly in training the workforce on AI, cybersecurity, and blockchain technologies. Lesufi noted that partnerships with the public and private sectors are essential to bridge existing gaps and ensure countries can fully leverage digital tools. 

• The role of local engagement and partnerships. Olaf Kolkman, Principal of Internet Technology Policy and Advocacy at the Internet Society, underscored the critical role of partnerships and local engagement in achieving universal connectivity. He painted a vision of inclusive digital progress, where technologists work hand-in-hand with communities to understand real needs, ensuring that solutions are relevant and scalable. Kolkman emphasized that local experiences, when elevated to national and global levels, can drive impactful solutions. 

• Delivering through inclusion and innovation. Margarita Gómez, Executive Director of Southern Voice, a network of think tanks across the Global South, highlighted the urgent need to close the digital divide through digital literacy, women’s inclusion, and infrastructure development. Gómez stressed the importance of local innovation and involving marginalized groups in the design and implementation of digital solutions. She described Southern Voice’s role in identifying local priorities and ensuring they are reflected in global conversations, advocating for a bottom-up approach that amplifies voices from the Global South. 

• Accelerating SDG progress through multistakeholder cooperation. Deniz Susar of UNDESA and Gitanjali Sah of ITU reinforced the importance of multi-stakeholder cooperation to accelerate SDG progress through digital tools and the role that existing forums and mechanisms can play in GDC implementation. Susar highlighted the GDC’s alignment with the WSIS+20 framework and its potential to foster inclusive policies at the country level. Similarly, Sah underscored ITU’s work in supporting member states and partners with initiatives like GIGA, which brings connectivity to schools globally, and collaborative projects with UNDP that advance DPI. 

Interactive polling throughout the session generated further insights from audience participants. Reflecting on GDC priorities, participants highlighted the importance of multistakeholder cooperation and inclusion. Participants also identified a number of actionable steps to be taken at the country level, including alignment, capacity building, and addressing challenges like the gender divide, equity, and infrastructure gaps, with political will, inclusive participation, and partnerships.  

There are three key takeaways from the discussion:  

1. The adoption of the GDC marks a significant milestone for inclusive digital transformation, but its ambition must be translated into country-level action. By identifying key principles and priorities, the GDC can empower countries to focus on tangible outcomes. However, connecting global policy discussions to national and local action will be critical to success. 

2. Secondly, digital capacity building and literacy emerged as top priorities for GDC implementation. While this includes supporting policymakers, it is equally crucial to deliver targeted capacity-building programs for women, girls, and marginalized communities. Civil society and the private sector have an essential role to play in this process. 

3. Finally, inclusive multistakeholder partnerships will be the linchpin for delivering the GDC’s vision. Leveraging existing platforms such as the IGF and WSIS processes, rather than creating new frameworks, will be key to ensuring effective coordination. The upcoming WSIS+20 review presents a unique opportunity to evaluate progress and align global efforts with GDC implementation. 

Participants also identified two calls to action:  

1. Put inclusion at the center of all digital cooperation initiatives and recognize that digital divides are intersectional. 

2. Work with local stakeholders to understand key needs and opportunities to develop more effective and sustainable solutions. 

Session Highlights

The session explored three core questions: defining and identifying end-users, understanding barriers to their inclusion, and developing actionable solutions for effective participation or representation in Internet governance. The discussions were rich and multifaceted, covering a range of perspectives and strategies. Key highlights included:

1. Defining End-Users and Barriers to Inclusion

• Panelists emphasized the vast diversity of end-users, extending beyond frequent internet users to include occasional users, non-users, and those indirectly affected by internet policies. They underscored the importance of broadening representation in governance discussions to reflect these varied experiences and needs.
• Significant barriers to inclusion were identified, including:
  
  • Lack of Awareness: Many potential participants are unaware of opportunities to engage in governance discussions.
  • Resource Constraints: Financial limitations and the absence of accessible infrastructure disproportionately affect users from underprivileged or rural areas.
  • Language Constraints: Non-native English speakers often face challenges in contributing meaningfully to global dialogues.
  • Accessibility Issues: Barriers related to disability, education, and digital literacy further limit participation.

2. Expanding Participation and Accountability

• Panelists called for stakeholder mapping to identify underrepresented groups and ensure targeted inclusion. An iterative approach was recommended to refine strategies for engagement, adapting methods based on feedback and results.
• Grassroots Capacity Building: Training and resources were highlighted as critical to empowering communities, particularly in developing regions, to participate effectively in governance processes.
• Ensuring accountability within the multistakeholder model was discussed as a priority. Mechanisms should be established to hold all participants, including governments, private sector actors, and civil society, responsible for their roles and commitments.

3. Role of Governments in Multistakeholderism

• Governments were acknowledged as key players with significant influence but often limited direct interest in the nuances of end-user needs.
• Panelists stressed the importance of governments proactively reaching out to various stakeholders, including marginalized households and communities, to understand their priorities and ensure they are reflected in policy-making.

4. Leveraging Technology

• The transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) was a recurring theme, particularly its ability to:
  
  • Bridge language gaps through real-time translation tools.
  • Simplify complex governance concepts for broader understanding.
  • Enhance participation by providing accessible platforms for interaction.
• However, caution was raised about over-reliance on AI, emphasizing the need to address:
  
  • Bias in Data: Ensuring that datasets reflect diverse populations and experiences.
  • Equitable Representation: Designing AI systems that serve all users, particularly underrepresented groups.

5. Creating Effective Channels for Dialogue

• The panel strongly advocated for using the IGF and its National and Regional Initiatives (NRIs) as central platforms for fostering communication and collaboration among stakeholders. These channels were highlighted as:
  
  • Inclusive spaces for dialogue, accommodating diverse perspectives.
  • Opportunities for stakeholders to engage directly with policymakers and decision-makers.
  • A means to ensure local and regional voices are integrated into global governance discussions.

Proposed Actions

1. Capacity Building:
   
   • Improve users’ ability to access information and participate in governance discussions.
   • Equip grassroots organizations with resources and skills to facilitate meaningful involvement.
2. Government Engagement:
   
   • Encourage governments to collaborate with stakeholders, fostering mutual understanding and shared goals.
   • Promote mechanisms for governments to receive and act on community input.
3. Utilizing IGF as a Communication Hub:
   
   • Leverage the IGF and its NRIs as central platforms for stakeholder dialogue and consensus-building.
   • Develop clear, inclusive procedures to ensure all voices are heard.

Conclusion

The session underscored the critical importance of creating a more inclusive and representative framework for Internet governance that prioritizes the voices of all users, particularly those historically marginalized or underrepresented. Addressing systemic barriers such as resource constraints, lack of awareness, language limitations, and accessibility challenges is essential to ensure meaningful participation. Grassroots capacity building, proactive stakeholder engagement, and the use of iterative strategies to identify and address overlooked groups were emphasized as key approaches to achieving this inclusivity. Panelists highlighted the pivotal role of governments in adopting a more active role in outreach and collaboration to integrate diverse perspectives into policy-making.

The multistakeholder model remains a cornerstone of effective governance, but its success depends on its ability to adapt to the complexities of a rapidly changing digital landscape. Leveraging technology responsibly, particularly AI, offers opportunities to bridge gaps and enhance participation, but it must be deployed with safeguards against bias and inequality. Platforms like the IGF and its National and Regional Initiatives (NRIs) were recognized as vital channels for fostering dialogue and collaboration, providing opportunities to bridge global and local priorities. As the digital future evolves, sustained commitment to inclusivity, equity, and collaboration will be essential to ensure internet governance truly reflects the diverse needs and aspirations of all stakeholders.

The session focused on advancing awareness and collaboration for a greener, more energy-efficient Internet. Discussions were structured around three key policy questions: the role of stakeholders in promoting a greener Internet, the impact of sustainability on access for new users, and the spread of green Internet standards. The session began with a dynamic quiz designed to actively engage participants and spark their interest. This interactive activity not only encouraged greater audience involvement but also helped generate a word cloud, visually highlighting key themes and priorities. By fostering real-time participation, the quiz set a collaborative and energetic tone for the session, making the presentation more engaging and impactful. This activity revealed a collective focus on terms such as "sustainability," "energy efficiency," and "collaboration," shaping the direction of the dialogue.

The policies questions explored the responsibilities of various stakeholders in creating a greener Internet. Participants emphasized the need for cross-sector collaboration involving Internet Service Providers (ISPs), governments, businesses, and academia. ISPs were encouraged to adopt energy-efficient practices, while governments were urged to introduce regulations that incentivize eco-friendly initiatives. Academia was highlighted as playing a vital role in fostering innovation and educating future leaders about sustainable solutions. A common sentiment emerged that these stakeholders must work together to balance environmental concerns with performance and expansion.

One important contribution raised the issue of energy consumption related to the infrastructure supporting the Internet, including data transportation across borders and its connection to AI models. The speaker highlighted the need to address sustainability comprehensively, not only within the infrastructure but across the entire ecosystem, including the computational power used for data processing. This led to further discussions on the broader implications of energy use in the digital age.

A second contribution suggested that the adoption of green technologies could be accelerated through smart regulation, citing the example of IPv6 adoption in France, where regulators required new ISPs to deploy the technology by a specific deadline. This regulatory approach was proposed as a way to fast-track the adoption of green equipment and sustainable practices across the sector. This was met with broad agreement that governments play a critical role in supporting green technology adoption through clear timelines and incentives.

The session also addressed challenges faced by underserved communities, particularly in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas. A speaker shared experiences of providing satellite Internet to communities impacted by climate change, such as those affected by typhoons and rising sea levels. This underscored the importance of considering the real-world impacts of climate change when planning sustainable Internet solutions, particularly in regions lacking basic infrastructure.

The discussion further explored the role of network providers in adopting energy-efficient hardware and renewable energy sources. While transitioning to greener practices can be costly, there was a consensus that governments should provide support to smaller providers, especially in developing countries, to ensure no one is left behind in the push for greener infrastructure.

The quiz and word cloud activity also helped frame the broader discussion on sustainability. The remote audience actively participated, offering valuable perspectives on the importance of practical, cost-effective solutions. The word cloud generated from the quiz reinforced the global consensus on the need for sustainability, collaboration, and innovation in the digital space.

Empowerment emerged as a central theme, particularly in underserved communities. Panelists highlighted the importance of involving local communities in sustainable Internet solutions, such as through pilot projects that use satellite connections. These initiatives often go hand-in-hand with local income-generating opportunities, fostering self-sufficiency.

Several key barriers were identified during the session, including the high cost of sustainable infrastructure, which delays Internet access for new users, particularly in rural areas. The lack of global consensus on green Internet standards was also noted as a challenge, as it may lead to fragmented approaches that hinder progress.

To address these challenges, participants recommended increased collaboration between governments, academia, and the tech industry to design cost-effective solutions tailored to local needs. They also advocated for public campaigns to raise awareness about green practices and the creation of certifications or recognition programs to incentivize compliance with sustainability standards.

In conclusion, the session underscored the need for a multi-stakeholder approach to achieving widespread adoption of green standards in Internet infrastructure. Active collaboration between industry players, governments, academia, and local communities is essential to overcoming the barriers to sustainability and ensuring that green practices benefit users across the globe. The session fostered valuable dialogue on making the Internet not only more sustainable but also more inclusive and accessible to everyone. Building on the insights and ideas shared, we look forward to continuing our collective efforts in this critical area. By deepening partnerships, advancing innovative solutions, and promoting shared responsibility, we hope to drive meaningful progress toward a greener, more sustainable digital future for all.

The focus of this Open Forum was the potential to leverage the vast global postal network to help bridge the digital divide and promote digital inclusion. 

The session was kicked off by Mr. Kevin Hernandez from the Universal Postal Union (UPU) who provided an overview of the UPU’s CONNECT.POST project. CONNECT.POST aims to connect all 650,000 post offices in the world to the Internet by 2030 and leverage their connectivity to help bridge the digital divide by providing Internet and digital equipment access to surrounding communities and to promote digital inclusion by transforming post offices into one-stop shops for essential digital services. The presentation highlighted the growing recognition of the need for hybrid service delivery through one-stop shops to help mitigate digital exclusion for less connected groups. Mr. Hernandez underscored that many one-stop shop efforts fall short of their digital inclusion potential because they tend to be concentrated in urban areas and thus fail to reach people in rural areas. Meanwhile, post offices are well-placed to foster more inclusive one stop shop networks due to their presence in remote areas.

Mr. Rodney Taylor and Mr. Nigel Cassimire of the Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU) provided updates on a collaboration between the CTU and the UPU to leverage postal infrastructure for promoting digital inclusion. The CTU advocates for the postal sector to play a more prominent role in the digital transformation strategies of member states, recognizing its potential to help bridge the digital divide and mitigate the risk of digital exclusion. Digital assessments of postal services have been conducted across the region to guide policy development and upgrade initiatives. Mr. Taylor highlighted Barbados's experience during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the postal service facilitated driver’s license applications which was later expanded to include other services requiring physical credentials, such as passports and visas. Mr. Cassimire emphasized the CTU's vision of transforming post offices into digital hubs in remote areas, with a focus on utilizing Universal Service Funds (USFs) to support these transformations and ensure their long-term sustainability.

Ms. Yu Ping Chan from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) applauded CONNECT.POST’s approach of hybrid service delivery for essential digital services. She stressed that digital inclusion efforts and global digital inclusion narratives (including those in the GDC) are often narrowly focused on providing Internet access and that there is a need to think beyond this, especially in remote areas where expansion of infrastructure is unlikely to lead to digital inclusion on its own. She provided an example of a collaboration between UNDP and Egypt Post where they are delivering 27 e-government services and a wide range of other digital essential services (e.g., digital financial services). Ms. Chan sees potential to replicate this partnership in more countries. She also asked whether low-cost connectivity options such as Internet in a box solutions might be suitable to connect posts in remote areas.

Mr. Dan York from the Internet Society (ISOC) commenced his presentation with an overview of ISOC’s goal to ensure that people everywhere have access to affordable resilient Internet by 2030. ISOC has partnered with many anchor public institutions in rural areas including schools, libraries, community centers, and hospitals to establish community networks. Mr. York says public institutions are well-placed to ensure the sustainability of rural connectivity projects due to their existing role as social hubs in their communities and their stronger likelihood of having existing funding and energy infrastructure. He expressed ISOC’s interest in exploring partnerships with posts, something they have not yet engaged in. He briefly mentioned the potential for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to provide high speed connectivity in rural and remote areas. 

Ms. Kerry-Ann Barrett from the Organization of American States (OAS) stressed the need for the digital transformation of postal networks to be secure by design especially if post offices are transformed into one-stop shops. As postal networks offer a wider range of services to more people, they become a more critical infrastructure, making their resilience to cyber-attacks increasingly important. This also opens up new vulnerabilities and entry points for cyber-attacks and identity theft. She underscored the need to upskill postal staff to ensure they have the cyber hygiene knowledge necessary to limit entry points for cyber-attacks. Collaboration with governments, cybersecurity firms, international organizations, and third-party vendors is key to mitigating these risks. Best practices such as the establishment of incident response teams must be replicated. There is potential for OAS to work with the UPU on these issues. Mr. Tracy Hackshaw of the UPU provided a brief overview of the UPU’s existent global cyber-security efforts including the establishment of an Information Sharing analysis Center (ISAC) and the UPU’s administration of the .POST top-level domain. 

A lively discussion followed. The importance of building the digital capacity of the postal staff especially in cyber-hygiene was further stressed. The potential to offer digital literacy and cyber-security training in post offices was discussed. There are examples of post offices being leveraged as community information centers where rural residents can partake in digital training. The role of the posts in ensuring less digitally literate people can receive ‘hand-holding’ support when applying for digital services that are only available digitally was also stressed. The potential to link the digitalization efforts of libraries and posts was considered. The UPU is currently establishing an MoU with the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to explore how post offices and libraries can facilitate place-based ecosystems for digital inclusion. The provision of digital financial services via the postal network was discussed, something that is already happening in many countries across the world thanks to the role the postal sector already plays in global financial inclusion efforts. The potential role of drones for delivery via the postal network to help address infrastructural challenges in rural areas including in remote unplanned settlements that lack addressing systems was mentioned. 

The paradox of inclusion in internet governance - session report

The speakers for this session were slightly changed from the session proposal: James Shires and Yasmine Azzouzi were joined in person by Corinne Casha, from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Malta, and online by Louise Marie Hurel, from the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). Erik Kursetgjerde was unfortunately not able to participate, and the session was moderated by James Shires.

James Shires opened the session by welcoming the other panelists and the audience. He then set out the aims of the session by defining the “paradox of inclusion”, where the sheer range of internet governance initiatives overwhelms the ability of low-resourced actors, such as developing countries and civil society, to meaningfully contribute. This paradox is exacerbated by the rapidly increasing range of institutions, sites, and modes of Internet governance.

The speakers’ remarks traced the paradox of inclusion to two related phenomena: first, an understandable specialization within internet governance, leading to separate venues and conversations for distinct topics; and, second, a political strategy to foster like-mindedness and/or purposefully fragment some of the ongoing cybersecurity debates. These remarks then highlighted key moments leading to the paradox of inclusion at a state level, especially at the UN Open Ended Working Group (OEWG). The OEWG transition enabled a discussion on state responsibility in cyberspace that now structurally included 193 countries. Effective participation, however, required more efforts such as the women in cyber fellowship for diplomats. Enabling participation and representation from a process design standpoint is important but there are structural UN/diplomatic issues that still make it challenging for us to think about meaningful inclusion. For example,  limited UN mission resources for developing and small states and costly/resource intensive commitment to bring cyber expertise from capitals (especially if it means doing so 3 times or more per calendar year).

The speakers’ remarks also focused on non-governmental stakeholders. In the OEWG, unlike the previous GGE, non-governmental entities are allowed to register. However, modalities for stakeholder participation were weaponized for political purposes, while such politicization was mitigated by the chair, who held virtual intersessional meetings to gather stakeholder input. Despite such efforts, the current geopolitical context is not favourable for more inclusivity—especially non-state—in whatever process comes next. Some speakers highlighted a “paradox of meaningful leadership”: if states are spearheading theme-specific initiatives (i.e. Counter-Ransomware Initiative, Pall Mall Process etc) then they need to consider how to calibrate control and delegation of agency if these processes are to be sustainable or inclusive. This also requires a calibration of political risks (from the initiators) and acceptance that processes might take a different course once mainstreamed/delegated from that originally intended. This also requires meaningful coordination and dialogue: for example, states might say that they are facilitating or supportive of a more inclusive (state and non-state) dialogue, but are they truly open to productive disagreement and/or open to other experts’ input?

The session then turned to questions and discussion. Most questions agreed with the speakers that this is a pivotal moment for global internet governance. As we approach WSIS+20 in 2025 and navigate the complexities of frameworks like the Global Digital Compact (GDC), as well as topic-specific ones like for cybersecurity, the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) on ICT Security, and the Ad Hoc Committee on Cybercrime, we are witnessing a proliferation of governance fora that present both opportunities and challenges. They also agreed with the speakers that that the paradox of inclusion comes from overlapping topics, and the silos present at the national level reflect those seen internationally. Digital issues touch on multiple disciplines—spanning national security, economic development, human rights, and sociological change. This interdisciplinarity, while enriching, also contributes to fragmentation. Compartmentalization makes it challenging for stakeholders, particularly from low-resourced nations, to align their priorities and maintain continuity across discussions.

Speakers responded to these questions with specific examples. For example, Yasmine noted that agreements and resolutions reached during ITU statutory meetings on cyber capacity building are often also discussed under the OEWG’s agenda item on cyber capacity-building. This is partly due to state representation at ITU being Ministries of ICTs, while OEWG first committee representation are diplomats or representatives of national cyber agencies. James explained how the Pall Mall Processes sacrifices some level of precision and specificity in favour of a “big-tent” approach to the governance of commercial cyber intrusion capabilities.

Speakers then put forward recommendations to address the paradox of inclusion. First, states should establish multidisciplinary teams that bring together experts from technical, diplomatic, and policymaking communities. For instance, the representation of national cyber agencies or national CIRTs at the OEWG often results in more practical, context-specific interventions compared to traditional career diplomats. Second, capacity building initiatives should prioritize inclusivity that bridges technical and policy silos. Programs should focus on enabling countries to engage in internet governance fora holistically—equipped with both technical knowledge and policy acumen. Third, the UN should streamline processes. While it is not realistic or useful to think of consolidating all internet governance fora, we can enhance coordination and avoid duplication by aligning mandates and creating better linkages between discussions. For instance, capacity-building agendas could be harmonized across the OEWG, ITU, and the GDC to reduce redundancy and maximize impact. Fourth, and finally, states should incentivize interagency collaboration across technical, diplomatic, and policy communities. This can include having coordination mechanisms in place that regularly consult across disciplines and ensure consistency in international negotiations.

The session concluded with some overarching themes and next steps. Speakers and attendees should work to reduce and align areas of overlap and potential duplication, including challenges to the authority and constitution of technical internet governance bodies, as well as normative disagreements present across more policy-oriented fora. We should also examine in more detail potential gaps in the emerging internet governance landscape, such as global digital inequality along gender and other intersectional lines and material resource scarcities

Session Overview
The session explored regional trends in digital regulations, focusing on cybercrime laws and platform regulations and their impacts on freedom of expression. Key objectives included fostering collaboration among stakeholders, identifying advocacy strategies, and highlighting rights-respecting approaches. The session drew on insights from the report "An Ever-Tightening Net" by Global Partners Digital and ARTICLE 19.

Annelies Riezebos, Senior Policy Officer Freedom of Expression Online, Department of Multilateral Institutions and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands opened the session, introduced speakers and covered the main objectives, including to foster understanding of regional trends and impacts on freedom of expression, as well as practical strategies for advocacy and collaboration amongst stakeholders.

Jacqueline Rowe - Trends in Cybercrime and Platform Regulation

• Provided overview of the report, which analysed 150 legal frameworks across Africa and MENA regions.
• Found diverse approaches to cybercrime laws, many diverging from international human rights law (IHRL) standards.

• Identified key themes or trends:

1. Public Order/ Security Narratives: Used to justify speech restrictions but often weaponised against political opponents and activists.
2. Disinformation Restrictions: Over a third of frameworks criminalise disinformation inconsistent with IHRL.
3. Authoritarian Value Systems: Restrictions targeting LGBTQ+ content, criticism of religious or cultural norms, and advocacy by marginalised groups.
4. Platform Regulation Trends: Imposing criminal liability on platforms for failure to take action against content.

• Recommendations:
  • Align restrictions with IHRL.
  • Avoid criminalising content such as disinformation or offensive language, opting for proportionate policy responses.
  • Emphasise holistic approaches considering market, socio-technical, and algorithmic pressures.

Aymen Zaghdoudi - Tunisia’s Cybercrime Decree advocacy experience

• Tunisia’s Cybercrime Decree (2022):
  • Enacted following a coup, the decree includes provisions undermining privacy and freedom of expression.
  • Article 24 criminalises vague categories of content with disproportionate penalties (5–10 years imprisonment).
  • Laws such as these across MENA used to prosecute journalists, lawyers, students, and politicians critical of the government.
• Advocacy Efforts:
  • Engaging with states that support human rights to not cooperate with states on content restrictions, parliamentarians to amend problematic provisions, and capacity building with judges and lawyers to ensure FoE cases align with IHRL.

Adeboye Adegoke - Trends in Africa

• Cybercrime laws and others are frequently weaponised against human rights defenders and activists, similar to MENA.
• Example: Nigeria's misuse of cybercrime laws to suppress dissent and provided examples of corruption resulting in charges brought against individuals for exposing, and then new charges when it came to light that criminal defamation provision is not valid. 
• Successful Advocacy examples:

1. Advocacy in Nigeria and Sierra Leone led to the decriminalization of defamation and cyberstalking.
2. CSOs leveraged regional courts like ECOWAS to challenge restrictive provisions in Nigeria Cybercrime law. 

Roundtable Dialogue Key Insights 

1. Impact of Restrictive Cybercrime Laws:

1. Chilling Effects:
   • Laws create fear, leading to self-censorship, particularly among marginalized groups and during elections.
   • In Tunisia, media professionals avoid political commentary; voter turnout has plummeted.

2. Emerging Trends and Risks:

1. Restrictive trends exacerbated by vague cybercrime laws.
2. Positive developments include collaboration among CSOs and international coalitions to push back, as seen with UNCC.

3. Suggested strategies for Advocacy moving forward:

1. Participate in early policy discussions to influence outcomes.
2. Use of national or regional courts if available to challenge restrictive laws and set precedents.
3. Equip stakeholders with knowledge and tools to defend FoE.
4. Encourage funders to support ad-hoc and sustainable CSO engagement.
5. Strengthen coalitions between CSOs, international organisations, governments and particularly the private sector. 

Moderator’s Closing Note: Thanks to all speakers and attendees for contributing actionable insights and fostering dialogue on these critical issues.

This session detailed how quantum sensing and computing have ushered in a new era of capabilities through precise sensing networks, transforming sectors from healthcare to defense and the security of the military infrastructure. Sensing is a mature technology allowing precise electromagnetic field detection, and quantum technology can empower energy transition through sensing and sharing data via IoT devices. Critical data will predominantly be gathered through quantum technology, making it essential to train and advance knowledge models for computing solutions for security and energy transition challenges.

Regarding cybersecurity challenges, the speakers warned that the advent of CRQC (Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer) threatens the optimistic future promised by quantum technology, as current standards and cybersecurity frameworks in industrial environments are insufficient and rely on cybersecurity by obscurity. It was stressed that protecting future AI, quantum, and space investment depends on securing the data that powers them, making quantum security essential. It was also noted that governments are taking action by providing migration advice, while hyperscalers like Amazon and Google are introducing quantum solutions in cloud-based platforms. The importance of aligning national and international policies in this migration was emphasized.

It was also mentioned that Europe's Iris 2 constellation would be ready for optical communication, with active work on QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) in classical networks showing rapid advances in quantum communication technology. Highlighting the crucial challenge of interoperability with existing infrastructure and the importance of standards, noting that technical advancements like quantum memory are still needed. It was also stated that global quantum investments are outpacing historical projects, quantum-gathered data is needed for knowledge models to advance AI in high-performance computation, and we shall soon be dealing with sensitive data in critical infrastructure, making immediate investment in quantum security crucial.

Our speakers explained how the internet functions as a network of networks using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for network communication. Noting that this protocol was designed with trust assumptions that proved inadequate, necessitating a secure method while maintaining existing infrastructure. She detailed how the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) layer adds security to BGP through cryptographically verifiable routing intentions, implemented via Route Origin Authorisations (ROAs) and Route Origin Validation (ROVs).

It was observed that while ROAs are being rapidly adopted, ROV adoption data is less clear, with varying opinions on RPKI's success depending on measurement methods and perspectives. Challenges in both ROA and ROV adoption were outlined, including the collective action problem requiring all Autonomous Systems to implement the solution, creating a chicken-and-egg situation with adoption incentives. It was noted that non-technical decision-makers often struggle to appreciate implementation benefits and are wary of investment. It was suggested to encourage adoption through awareness, capacity building, engagement, system improvements, regulation-based approaches, and reputation-based approaches, with Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) providing support through the NRO RPKI program. The quantum safety of RPKI validation was also addressed, explaining that it is not quantum-safe since quantum computing could undermine the current cryptographic standards and thus affect RPKI.

Report: Youth-Led Digital Futures — Integrating Perspectives and Governance

Introduction

As the digital landscape evolves, youth must be recognized as central stakeholders in shaping its future. The Global Digital Compact (GDC) provides a unique opportunity to align global and regional frameworks with the aspirations and innovations of the next generation. This report outlines key takeaways and actionable recommendations from discussions on youth-led digital governance, emphasizing inclusivity, equitable access, and the transformative potential of data cooperatives.

Key Takeaways

1. Youth as Key Stakeholders in Digital Policy and Governance

Youth must be integrated as active participants in digital governance processes. Their diverse perspectives, innovative ideas, and lived experiences are essential to addressing challenges such as digital inequity, data sovereignty, and ethical technology use. Institutionalizing youth engagement ensures policies are future-proof and inclusive of generational needs.

2. Removing Barriers to Youth Engagement

Financial, structural, and logistical obstacles prevent equitable youth participation in global and regional decision-making. Without targeted interventions, such as financial support and logistical assistance, policies risk marginalizing the very generation they aim to serve. Addressing these barriers is critical to fostering a participatory digital ecosystem.

3. Data Cooperatives and Digital Education as Pathways to Inclusion

Data cooperatives offer an ethical, community-driven model for data governance that empowers individuals while promoting collective benefits. Coupled with education on emerging technologies such as AI and IoT, these cooperatives provide a framework for youth to lead innovations and bridge the digital divide.

4. Regional Nuances and Local Realities

Regions face distinct challenges, from data harmonization gaps in Africa to infrastructure deficits in rural and Indigenous communities. Recognizing these disparities and adopting localized approaches to data governance and internet access is essential for global frameworks to succeed.

Recommendations and Calls to Action

1. Institutionalize Youth Engagement

• Action: Advocate for youth to be formally recognized as a distinct stakeholder group in global digital governance processes such as WSIS and the GDC.
• Impact: Ensures youth perspectives are reflected in policies, enhancing their relevance and inclusivity.

2. Invest in Capacity-Building and Digital Education

• Action: Fund programs to educate youth on emerging technologies (AI, IoT, data governance) and their ethical implications.
• Impact: Equips young people with the skills to lead technological innovations and fosters digital sovereignty.

3. Support Data Cooperatives as Models for Inclusive Governance

• Action: Promote awareness of data cooperatives and provide financial and logistical support for their development.
• Impact: Empowers communities to manage their data ethically, fostering trust and equity in digital ecosystems.

4. Address Regional Disparities in Digital Access and Data Policies

• Action: Develop localized frameworks that address data harmonization gaps, infrastructure deficits, and connectivity issues, particularly in underserved regions.
• Impact: Enhances inclusivity and ensures policies reflect local realities, bridging the digital divide.

5. Enable Equitable Participation Through Funding and Support

• Action: Establish funding mechanisms to enable youth participation in global decision-making forums, removing financial and logistical barriers.
• Impact: Creates equitable access to governance processes and empowers youth-led initiatives.

Case Studies and Examples

1. Collaborative Localization of Technology

Young innovators have enabled the inclusion of traditional languages like Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani in translation tools, bridging linguistic gaps and fostering inclusivity.

2. Community-Led Digital Ecosystems

Programs like SEBRAE’s Local Innovation Agents in Brazil showcase how youth can bring innovation to underserved regions, training small businesses on ESG principles and data frameworks.

3. Indigenous Data Sovereignty

Policies recognizing the sovereignty of Indigenous communities over their data align with the UN Biodiversity Convention and promote culturally respectful governance.

Conclusion

Youth are not just beneficiaries but essential contributors to the digital future. Through equitable inclusion, education, and innovative models like data cooperatives, they can address the challenges of digital governance while fostering a more inclusive and ethical digital landscape. To ensure the success of initiatives like the GDC, stakeholders must prioritize youth engagement, invest in capacity-building, and develop localized approaches that bridge gaps in access and equity.

This report serves as a call to action for governments, civil society, and the private sector to work collaboratively with youth in building a human-centric, equitable digital future.

The session featured prominent experts and practitioners in the field of cybersecurity and digital governance. The discussion focused on the strategies, challenges, and opportunities for fostering peace, development, and sustainability in cyberspace.

Panelists: 

• Major Vineet Kumar (Moderator) and Dr. Subi Chaturvedi (Co-Moderator)
• Ms. Melodina Stevens
• Ms. Genie Sugene Gan
• Mr. Jona Kulenovic
• Maj. Gen (Dr.) Pawan Anand, Director, CANB, USI (Co-Champion)
• Col. Sanjeev Relia

The session began with opening remarks by Maj. Vineet Kumar, emphasizing the need for a collaborative approach to achieving cyber peace and fostering a resilient digital future. He outlined the goal of ensuring security and dignity in cyberspace through multi-stakeholder engagement, technological innovation, and addressing root causes of vulnerabilities. He emphasised the pressing need to counter tech-based harms through robust international cyber laws and global cooperation. He highlighted the importance of an ethical AI framework to ensure responsible technological advancements. Additionally, he stressed enhancing public resilience by promoting media literacy programs. Maj. Vineet called for collective efforts to address these challenges effectively on a global scale.

Dr. Subi Chaturvedi further introduced the critical importance of this session, citing alarming statistics: 13 cyberattacks per second on critical infrastructure in 2023, with global cybercrime costs projected to exceed $10 trillion in 2024. The panel aimed to address policy implications, ethical considerations in AI, and strategies to foster collaboration, resilience, and global peace.

The panel brought together distinguished experts, including:

Maj. Gen. (Dr.) Pawan Anand highlighted the need for national strategies and robust digital public infrastructure. He stressed building trust through awareness campaigns and ensuring safety alongside digital inclusion.

Ms. Melodina Stevens emphasized the interplay between emerging technologies and peace. She discussed risks such as misinformation, resource shortages, and quantum computing’s potential to disrupt encryption. She posed critical questions about technology’s benefits versus its risks

Maj. Vineet Kumar underscored the grassroots efforts of organizations like CyberPeace Foundation in empowering communities, creating first responders, and crowdsourcing solutions for cyber resilience. He advocated for innovative awareness methods tailored to local languages and cultural contexts.

Mr. Jona Kulenovic shared insights on enhancing threat intelligence sharing between nations and industries. She stressed operationalizing shared intelligence and overcoming regulatory barriers like GDPR.

Ms. Genie Sugene Gan highlighted private sector contributions, citing examples like Interpol collaborations and the “No More Ransom” initiative, which has helped millions avoid ransomware payments.

Col. Sanjay Relia discussed the evolving nature of cybersecurity, noting the increasing prevalence of espionage and hybrid warfare. He emphasized bilateral and multilateral dialogues as crucial for building a robust cyber ecosystem.

Key Themes and Discussions

1) Building Trust and Awareness: ● Trust-building among stakeholders, especially between public and private sectors, is vital. ● Awareness campaigns should prioritize inclusivity and accessibility, using innovative methods like skits and local language programs.

2) Emerging Technologies and Ethical Considerations: ● Quantum computing poses significant risks, including rendering current encryption methods obsolete. ● AI’s rapid development requires balancing innovation with ethical safeguards to avoid militarization and misuse.

3) Threat Intelligence and Collaboration: ● Effective intelligence sharing requires overcoming legal and regulatory challenges. ● Private-public partnerships and streamlined reporting protocols can enhance collective responses.

4) Policy and Capacity Building: ● A global alignment on standards and regulations is crucial to address cross-border cyber threats. ● Capacity building, particularly in developing nations, is essential to bridge the digital divide.

5) Cybersecurity and Peace Framework: ● The proposed SECURED framework focuses on:

i) Strengthening global governance

ii) Empowering communities through digital inclusion.

iii) Championing ethical technology.

iv) Collaborative innovation among stakeholders.

v) Enhancing education and awareness.

vi) Driving sustainable digital transformation.

Key Takeaways and Action Points

1. Practical Solutions for Cyber Peace: ● Collaborative platforms connecting grassroots voices to policymakers can amplify marginalized perspectives. ● Programs like “No More Ransom” demonstrate the effectiveness of multilateral cooperation in combating cybercrime.

2. Addressing the Digital Divide: ● Prioritize inclusivity by designing technologies and policies that consider linguistic, technological, and cultural barriers. ● Leverage AI for bridging gaps while fostering trust through confidence-building measures.

3. Governance and Accountability: ● Develop international frameworks to recognize and address cyber warfare akin to traditional warfare. ● Transition from dialogues to actionable strategies to mitigate escalating threats.

Closing Remarks

The session concluded with gratitude to all participants, both online and in-person. Panelists emphasized the importance of ongoing collaboration, innovation, and inclusive policy-making to create a secure and equitable cyberspace. The collective call was for actionable steps and sustained efforts toward a resilient digital ecosystem that safeguards global peace.

On December 19, the Open Forum on Digital Technology Empowering Green and Low-Carbon Development ,  a part of the 19th UN Internet Governance Forum(IGF), was successfully held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This forum was jointly organized by the Institute for Intelligent Social Governance , the Center for Science and Education Policy at Tsinghua University, and the Tsinghua Range Institute for Intelligent Society.

Peng Gang, Vice President of Tsinghua University, delivered the opening remarks. The forum featured keynote speeches from distinguished global experts, including Gong Ke, former President of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations and Executive Dean of the Chinese Academy of New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Strategies; Su Jun, Dean of the Institute for Intelligent Social Governance, Director of the Center for Science and Education Policy, and Director of the Think Tank Center at Tsinghua University; Zhou Chaonan, Director of the Management Committee of the Tsinghua-Range Institute for Intelligent Society and Chairman of Range Group; Dou Guimei, Co-Director of the National Experimental Base for Intelligent Society Governance (Education) and Principal of Tsinghua University Primary School; Kevin C. Desouza, Professor at the Queensland University of Technology Business School; Torbjörn Fredriksson, Head of the ICT Policy Section at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTSAD) ; and Eduardo Araral, Professor at the National University of Singapore.

More than 50 distinguished participants from various sectors across the globe attended the event. The forum was moderated by Zhang Fang, Associate Professor at the School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University.

In his opening remarks, Peng Gang highlighted that leveraging digital technology for green and low-carbon development has emerged as one of the most pressing issues of our time. The convergence of these two transformative trends offers powerful momentum for high-quality development in China and across the globe. He emphasized Tsinghua University’s strong commitment to interdisciplinary exploration in this field. In recent years, the university has established a series of cross-disciplinary research institutions, achieving notable progress. Looking ahead, Tsinghua will adopt multiple strategies to advance research in this area, cultivate talent with robust interdisciplinary foundations, foster collaboration among academia, industry, and research, and contribute to the well-being of humanity.

Gong Ke noted that digitization and green development are deeply interconnected and mutually reinforcing, both serving the broader goal of sustainable global development. He pointed out that while digitization possesses transformative potential for reshaping societal progress, green development must be a fundamental objective of digital advancement. At the same time, digitization provides innovative tools for green transitions, but their organic integration requires systematic capacity building to translate digital technology into real societal transformation.

Torbjörn Fredriksson introduced the Digital Economy Report 2024 recently published by the UNCTAD. He stressed the need to shape a sustainable, inclusive, and environmentally friendly digital future for humanity. Through a lifecycle approach to digital activities, Fredriksson outlined the critical green development challenges faced at the production, usage, and disposal stages of the global digital economy. He called for a stronger focus on coherent domestic policies and international cooperation, while also recognizing the pivotal role of developing countries.

Su Jun elaborated on Tsinghua University’s efforts in conducting AI-driven social experiments to explore pathways for intelligent social governance with Chinese characteristics. He underscored that social experimentation is a vital approach to achieving the goal of utilizing digital technology for green and low-carbon development in the era of smart societies. Based on prior work, Su systematically summarized five foundational characteristics of intelligent societies and six core challenges, including energy consumption. He analyzed the root causes of energy consumption issues in smart societies and shared preliminary insights from a case study in Ordos on the role of digital technology in green, low-carbon development. Su emphasized that concern for humanity’s destiny must be central to technological progress, and human action is essential in building a human-centered intelligent society.

From an educational perspective, Dou Guimei shared practical experiences in fostering digital literacy and environmental awareness among students through thematic and innovative teaching methods. She used the Chinese language lesson Only One Earth as a foundation to guide students in launching community-wide environmental initiatives, deepening their understanding of sustainability in the process. Dou also highlighted AI-driven initiatives at Tsinghua Primary School, such as a low-carbon digital intelligence platform, green education applications, interactive low-carbon spaces, and smart sports programs, expressing her hope to collaborate globally in building child-centered, low-carbon campuses.

Eduardo Araral emphasized the transformative potential of AI technology in advancing climate change and sustainable development research. He noted that AI can enhance the precision of climate models, reduce computational costs, and expand analytical capacity. Additionally, integrating AI with traditional econometric models can optimize energy transition modeling.

Kevin C. Desouza argued that green and low-carbon development relies on multi-dimensional capital investments, making it imperative to prioritize sustainable capital formation mechanisms. By seamlessly integrating digital technology into existing social ecosystems, humanity can enhance the efficiency of capital generation. Digital technology also offers policymakers better tools for mapping capital flows within ecosystems and understanding the input-output efficiency of various forms of capital.

Zhou Chaonan shared insights into Range Group’s technological practices aimed at green, low-carbon digital industry development. Range has long been dedicated to providing sustainable computing infrastructure for the global digital and intelligent societal transformation, with significant exploration in green data and intelligent computing centers. Through years of innovation, the group achieved power usage efficiency in data centers well below national standards, creating positive social impact and demonstrative effects. Looking forward, Range will deepen its collaboration with Tsinghua University to explore the underlying mechanisms behind digital technology’s contribution to green and low-carbon development, while continuing to drive foundational technological research.

In her closing remarks, Zhang Fang noted that the distinguished speakers had explored the opportunities and risks associated with digital technology’s role in green and low-carbon development from diverse perspectives, providing valuable guidance for future advancements. She expressed hope that the forum would serve as a catalyst for deeper collaboration among stakeholders to collectively advance this vital endeavor.

The forum theme is "Deepening Digital Governance Cooperation to Bridge the Digital Divide" and includes two sections: "Accelerating the Construction of Digital Infrastructure to Promote Global Digital Inclusive Development" and "Strengthening the Innovative Application of Emerging Technologies to Narrow the Global Digital Divide".

The forum organizer pointed out the need to continue promoting international cooperation in digital governance, conducting discussions and exchanges around promoting the construction of digital infrastructure and strengthening innovation and application of emerging technologies, promoting inclusive digital development, bridging the digital divide, and helping to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

The forum organizer introduced China's important concept of global digital governance, shared China's beneficial practices and achievements in bridging the digital divide by strengthening digital infrastructure construction, emphasizing technological innovation, and put forward three initiatives: adhering to common development, adhering to shared responsibility, and adhering to shared achievements, providing reference for promoting global digital governance cooperation.

The speakers pointed out the need to accelerate the construction of digital infrastructure and promote global digital inclusive development. Specifically, it includes: promoting more inclusive Internet, promoting global Internet popularization, and the importance of participation and support of all stakeholders; It emphasizes the important role of cloud computing as a crucial digital infrastructure in digital transformation, and the development of cloud computing is of great significance for enhancing digital inclusiveness, digital development, and digital sovereignty.

The speakers pointed out the need to strengthen the innovative application of emerging technologies and narrow the global digital divide. Specifically, they shared the information accessibility work carried out by Internet Society of China, actively helped build an aging friendly digital society, and promoted the inclusion of the Internet; Proposed a digital transformation framework that includes elements such as technology, organization, people, environment, and strategy; This paper introduces the needs, solutions and experiences of the aging transformation of the Internet in Shanghai.

The forum summarized the speeches of all parties with the keywords of "inclusiveness", "innovation", and "cooperation", and believed that we should jointly grasp the trend of digital, networked, and intelligent development, and promote the construction of a community with a shared future in cyberspace.

Digital gender inclusion is a global issue having severe social and economic implications, especially in the Low Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) that are set to lose USD 524 billion over the next five years if the gender digital divide persists. Therefore, it is essential the digital governance embodies a gender-responsive approach that empowers the women to utilize their potential and capitalize on the digital opportunities. This was the main policy recommendation and the key session outcome agreed by the panelists.

The session began with scene-setting by the moderator and introduction to the panelists. Pakistan’s Digital Gender Inclusion Strategy was presented as a model of inclusive policy making by the Government of a developing country. That was followed by moderator questions to each of the panellists, as stated in the session proposal. The panel had an insightful discussion on the key barriers to digital inclusion, stakeholder collaboration and the profound impact of innovative community-centred connectivity solutions on women empowerment. The speakers highlighted the importance of supportive policy making, keeping in view the needs and priorities of women, with specific and measurable targets and objectives. The systematic sociocultural barriers, coupled with lack of digital literacy/ and inadequate resources, prevent women from capitalising on the digital opportunities. When they are able to overcome such barriers and start using the internet, women have to face a new set of challenges such as cyberstalking, online gender based violence, privacy and digital rights etc. The panellists highlighted the critical difference made by inclusive digital policies and frameworks in providing safe online experience and effective redressal of complaints by women and LGBTQ+. During the audience interaction, a Columbian example of women-centric community network was shared by a participant while another participant asked about PTA’s methodology to reach out to women and marginalized groups in the far flung areas of Pakistan. Another question was asked about how community networks can be viewed as more than a rural area connectivity solution. All of the questions were responded by the panellists. In the end, Onica shared information about Women in Digital Economy Fund by the USAID and the Gates Foundation that provides funding scale up digital solutions for gender inclusion in the LMICs.

The session ended with a note of thanks to all the speaker and participants by the moderator.

In the initial round of the workshop, Vint Cerf started by giving an overview of safety online, considering the non-commercial position on the Internet. Open-source software was indicated as a potential solution to many barriers, but not a miraculous one to every problem. Internet universality indicators were remembered as useful to address the positive effects of the global network, for example, understanding better access.

Speakers also remembered the role of the non-commercial community in highlighting the digital divide and properly including the global south in the discussions. The importance of working collaboratively is to amplify the noncommercial interests and the responsibility of stakeholders in sharing info and communication. Speakers also mentioned the importance of digital literacy and capacity building instead of creating new regulations. The scope of the noncommercial constituency is global, not national, so it does not matter where you are from as a user, but local cultural contexts should be taken into account, something that is relevant when we are talking, among other examples, of AI ethics frameworks. These issues were especially highlighted by Milad Sebaaly and Manal Abdel-Samad, former Lebanon Minister of Information.

Privacy and protecting cryptography were mentioned as priorities, especially considering the rise of surveillance technologies in many regions, and how accountability and transparency are also part of this discussion. This topic was highlighted by Farzaneh Badii and Bruna Martins dos Santos. This became a hot topic of discussion during the session, with speakers, such as Vint, and participants, such as Charles Shaban, arguing that absolute anonymity and privacy could be a problem, especially for law enforcement, considering crimes and illegal content that are created and/or shared on diverse online spaces, or how vulnerable groups can be predated in cyberspace, as pointed by Robert Carolina. Farzaneh remembered how these mechanisms could be abused by authoritarian governments or other authorities.

Bruna pointed out how the non-commercial community has a specific role of “making noise” and oversight, especially regarding the protection of human rights, considering the inherent lack of other important resources to be heard (such as the influence that arises from money or decision-making powers).

One of the main conclusions related to the more controversial topics, especially the tension between some intersection zones of privacy and safety/security, were recognized as complicated topics with no simple answer, on which continuing dialogue is necessary while trying to find common ground that doesn’t result in users rights violation.

The session was divided in two sections.

In section 1 panelists, that already have applied LOSI methodology, from Jordan, India and Tunisia, identified benefits of applying LOSI in their countries. They suggested possible use of LOSI application results and ways of using them in policymaking. They mentioned specific examples from their own experience. They also suggested ways to engage policy makers and local researchers in LOSI Network activities. They identified challenges of applying LOSI (e.g. human resources, financial resources) and possible ways of facing them. They suggested ways of improving LOSI methodology (e.g. adjust LOSI methodology in local needs) and expanding LOSI Network.

In section 2, panelists from Saudi, UAE, LAOS, Cambodia and Egypt presented the existing needs of citizens and cities in their countries. They described ways (e.g. applications, technologies, innovations) of facing these needs in local government level (e.g. reconsider the innovation thinking in local government). They suggested future trends in local e-Government coming from their countries (e.g. application of AI in local government). They suggested ways that cities can assess local e-Government development. They suggested challenges (e.g. low digital literacy) and ways of facing them (e.g. use of centrally provided platforms can provide a solution to local governments). They suggested collaboration possibilities (e.g. the success of the local e-Government development program in a city can serve as a model for expanding best practices to other cities) and funding sources.

Key Takeawys

1. There is a gap in applying assessment methods in local e-Government. Consequently, governments and decision makers do not have a clear picture of the status regarding local e-Government development.
2. Low Digital Literacy, Funding Scarcity and lack of specialized Human Resource are common findings in countries that show low level development rates in local e-Government. Use of centrally provided platforms can provide a solution to local governments.
3. We need to reconsider the innovation thinking in local government. We should raise the bar from what are our expectations from local government. Local government should iterate, pilot and test creative solutions. We need to be more forgiving. Innovation some time means failure, so we have to get comfortable with that, we need to move fast, learn and forgive.
4. The success of the local e-Government development program in a city (e.g. Riyadh) can serve as a model for expanding best practices to other cities across the country (e.g. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).

Action Points

1 Join LOSI Network and apply LOSI in a country with the support of UNU-EGOV and UNDESA

2 Disseminate the assessment results in government decision makers in order to help them take data driven decisions

3 Collaboration of country's government officials and academia with LOSI Network to improve LOSI methodology

4 Organise a follow up session in IGF 2025 to consider the development of local e-Government assessment

Introduction: Democratising access to AI is about making sure that AI technologies and resources serve and are accessible to a broad range of people and not just large corporations and high skilled actors. The goal is to ensure empower others such as small businesses, educators, researchers, civil society organizations and nations small and big. LLMs is particular are dominated by major technology companies and it raises critical issues around access, control and equity with trends towards consolidation of power and limiting technological diversity.

Daniele Turra tackles the linkages between open source, innovations and the structure of tech industry by highlighting the history and philosophical underpinnings of FOSS. Open source is tightly related to the concept of freedom. Four core freedoms associated with open source movement are freedom to use code, freedom to study code, to redistribute it and to modify it such that no actor, large or small, is entitled to own any strong intellectual property on that code. In case of LLMs, there is an additional layer of complexity as the there is a model and weight that make an LLM tool. A truly open source LLM provides access to both these things. On the other end of the spectrum, we have fully closed models that are accessed through an API or an online interface with no way to look under the hood. Despite these complexities, we should make sure that the AI model embodies all four freedoms before being labeled open source.

We should also take into account the the community efforts from the open source community that many of these tools are built. Consider the entire supply chain from data collection, data storage, data preparation, algorithm training, application development. At each of these stages, having a open source community-supported solution benefits both public and private actors. And this begs the question if it is even possible to have something that is fully closed-source.

In response to an audience intervention, Daniele also emphasised that open source is a tool and a philosophy. It may not be the best way to regulate monopolies but it an important means of sharing knowledge and giving opportunities ties to various people in acquiring the skills and know-how without being blocked by intellectual property. He also cautions against open-washing of various models where they may only partially be open source considering a complex supply chain where the entire process may not be transparent. So we should be more careful in categorising these models.

Melissa Muñoz Suro brings the government perspective from the Dominican Republic. On of the focus areas in the National AI Strategy of the Dominican Republic is development of Taina, an AI model based on Open Source frameworks aimed at improving and personalising the delivery of government services. Data for this initiative is being collected from various government systems as well as directly from citizens who volunteer information about how they use government services. This method allows them to analyse how Dominicans communicate so that AI then reflects the culture and language of the people. The project is a collaboration between government, citizens and local universities. The universities ensure that the data is accurate, well-structured and aligned to privacy standards.

Availability of open source tools is essential for smaller economies like the Dominican Republic as it impacts innovation and the structure of tech industry in the country profoundly. It allows them to break the dominance of big companies and build systems that reflect local language and culture, while specifically addressing local needs and challenges. Creating such tools also open the door for collaboration with other regional countries with similar contexts. Open source is about how technology fundamentally serves people and empowers governments to create more opportunities. It is a key tool in  creating a more inclusive, accessible and people-centric tech industry.

Abraham Fifi Selby shares the African experience with respect to the rapid AI innovation and role of Open Source. In Africa getting funding for AI related startups or research is limited and the infrastructure is also sparse. With limited investments coming in, open source AI systems are helping young people innovate as it reduces the costs and provide them a platform to build on. Secondly, there is a lot of room for collaboration between the advanced countries and the Global South as there is a lot of data in the Global South that is needed to feed these models. But it is also important for the models to then cater to the local needs. Most important in this regard is the multilingualism as there are a lot of languages being spoken in Africa. AI ethics is also a gap that must be filled in Africa as frequently not enough attention is paid to this in Africa where the focus on utilising the technology for development. Finally, it is would also help to have more investments and collaboration to build indigenous models in Africa.

Bianca Kremer also elucidates the difference between open source LLMs where both the source code and training data are publicly available to use, modify, and improve by everyone, and closed LLMs where you do not have access to the underlying architectures and data. Open source models can be improved by the community so that they can be rid of biases, algorithmic racism and other issues that may not be economically lucrative for larger companies. She also highlighted efforts underway in Brazil to develop local LLMs that are a product of collaboration in public universities that cater to Portuguese speaking audiences.

The speakers also dealt with the issue of compute where most entities to not have access to large GPU-clusters that large corporations have. We need a framework in place where it is possible to share these limited resources, especially with civil society and researchers. Despite all the use-cases and promising examples, open source models are lagging behind the proprietary models. Additionally, open source projects are not end to end solutions and require sustained efforts, finances, infrastructure and expertise to develop,  maintain and innovate with. These trade-off are important to consider.

The audience was most concerned about monopolisation of the LLM ecosystem by a handful of actors and the resulting inequity. Distribution of computing power to boost the open source ecosystem with seen to be of importance in this regard as the big corporations have little incentive to open up.

WS #75: An Open and Democratic Internet in the Digitization Era

Introduction

As society becomes increasingly digitized, the Internet has evolved into a cornerstone of global communication, business, and governance. To ensure it remains open, secure, and democratic, a comprehensive approach is required—one that fosters collaboration among governments, the private sector, civil society, and the technical community. The discussion focused on three critical areas: the significance of open standards in promoting an inclusive Internet, the necessity of adaptive regulatory frameworks, and the critical importance of privacy and data sovereignty in the digital era.

Key Themes Discussed

A dominant theme throughout the session was the crucial role of open standards in ensuring an inclusive and democratic Internet. Mr. Edmon Chung highlighted that open standards are not just a technical necessity but a human rights issue. By prioritizing open standards, the digital ecosystem can ensure that marginalized groups have equal access to the Internet and digital services, fostering greater inclusivity. Ms. Paola Galvez underscored that open standards not only protect privacy but also prevent monopolistic behaviors by large tech companies, thereby countering Internet fragmentation.

The question of how to balance innovation with privacy protection was raised by multiple speakers. Mr. Edmon Chung emphasized that governments should ensure individuals have control over their personal data and that digital sovereignty must be recognized. This includes embedding human rights into Internet protocols and ensuring that privacy is a fundamental design principle in digital technologies. Ms. Amrita and Ms. Adlin discussed the importance of securing personal data through robust standards without compromising the openness and accessibility of the Internet.

There was a strong consensus that regulatory frameworks must evolve to keep pace with technological advancements. Mr. Henri Verdier advocated for a more nuanced approach that integrates the perspectives of various stakeholders, including governments, civil society, and technical experts, without politicizing the process. Furthermore, Ms. Adlin pointed out that regulatory bodies must strike a delicate balance between encouraging innovation and ensuring compliance with privacy standards.

Key Outcomes and Next Steps

Governments should collaborate with civil society to identify barriers to digital accessibility, particularly for marginalized communities. This collaboration should aim to design digital technologies that promote competition, inclusivity, and universal access.

The technical community must ensure that best practices in security and open standards are integrated into emerging technologies. These practices should be flexible enough to adapt to future developments without compromising security, privacy, or inclusivity.

It is essential that the public, including end-users, have a better understanding of policy-making processes. By promoting digital literacy and policy awareness, citizens can be empowered to participate more meaningfully in discussions about the future of the Internet and its governance.

Conclusion

As the digital era progresses, the key challenge will be balancing the drive for innovation with the imperatives of privacy, security, and human rights. The session called on governments, the private sector, civil society, and the technical community to collaborate in creating a digital world that prioritizes inclusivity, security, and accountability.

The pace of AI development has increased significantly worldwide in recent years, and a growing number of organizations have implemented AI and the Internet of Things (IoT) in their infrastructure, or have plans to adopt these technologies in the short term. However, for all the positive impacts that the integration of AI brings, it is accompanied by significant risks and therefore requires robust security standards to mitigate them. The challenge of balancing innovation and risk in the design, deployment and operation of AI systems was discussed during an IGF workshop held on December 18, 2024.

The session began with a debate on trust in AI. Allison Wylde, team member of the UN Internet Governance Forum Policy Network on AI, emphasized that trust in AI is subjective and mostly depends on cultural and individual factors. She stressed the importance of defining and better understanding this concept to ensure proper transparency and reliability, and advocated for more quantified and measurable indicators. Furthermore, Allison Wylde pointed out that it is imperative to adopt a zero-trust approach with respect to AI systems, highlighting the need for continuous verification of both models and their data before deployment.  

Yuliya Shlychkova, Vice President for Public Affairs at Kaspersky, provided a brief overview of the current cyberthreat landscape in relation to AI, which, like any software, is not completely immune to attack. Notably, AI is increasingly being used by cybercriminals to automate their intrusions. In addition, AI systems can be exploited through data poisoning, prompt manipulation, or backdoors. She noted that cybersecurity in organizations is particularly important, as many employees unknowingly expose sensitive information when using AI models.        

Sergio Mayo Macías, Innovation Programmes Manager at the Technological Institute of Aragon (ITA), Spain, reflected on the challenges of relying on datasets to train AI models. Specifically, such vulnerabilities such as poor data quality or data bias, when stereotypes and incorrect societal assumptions about gender, ethnicity, geographic location, etc., infiltrate the algorithm’s dataset, lead to AI systems making unfair or discriminatory decisions and providing inaccurate outputs. In this regard, individuals designing and operating AI models need to be aware of these biases and take steps to mitigate them in order to ensure fairness and reliability. Sergio Mayo also pointed out the need to create safe spaces to ensure data sovereignty, and secure data sharing for AI training across different states and regions.

Dr Melodena Stephens, Professor of Innovation & Technology Governance at the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government, UAE, underscored the differences between digital literacy and AI literacy, as the latter is much more complex and requires constant updating to keep up with rapid technological advancements. In this context, she endorsed comprehensive societal education on AI, including training for engineers, policymakers, and the general public. In addition, Dr Stephens questioned the real short-term possibility of aligning different cybersecurity policies due to geopolitical fragmentation and differing views on human rights and privacy issues, although such harmonization would be highly desirable and productive. Instead, she advocated better adaptation of regulations, such as those developed by ISO or NIST, to make them more understandable and actionable for people and organizations at different levels of expertise.

As a step towards the practical implementation of general regulatory frameworks, Yuliya Shlychkova presented the “Guidelines for Secure Development and Deployment of AI Systems” developed by Kaspersky and the workshop speakers. This document is particularly useful for companies that rely on third-party AI components to build their own solutions, and covers key aspects of developing, deploying and operating AI systems, including:

1. Cybersecurity awareness and training

2. Threat modelling and risk assessment
3. Infrastructure security

4. Supply chain and data security

5. Testing and validation

6. Vulnerability reporting

7. Defense against ML-specific attacks

8. Regular security updates and maintenance

9. Compliance with international standards     

The active participation of the audience also contributed to the discussion. In particular, the debate highlighted the imperative need to follow the principles of security by design in the development of AI models, to address the cybersecurity of AI as an integral process, and to consider the human factor as crucial for the sustainability of systems. Participants also touched on ethical dilemmas in the use of AI, especially in developing countries, underlined the risks associated with application programming interface (API) vulnerabilities, and agreed on the importance of security audits, with a focus on assessing the integrity and fairness of AI models.

At the end of the session, there was broad consensus on the need for transparency, education, and collaboration across regions to address the vital issues of AI security standards and interoperability, while recognizing the local cultural and economic context in which these systems will be deployed.

Multistakeholder Approach to Platform Regulation in Brazil: A Comprehensive Discussion
The regulation of digital platforms has emerged as a critical global issue, given their profound impact on economies, democracy, human rights, and innovation. In 2023, the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br) held an open consultation on the issue. The results of this wide-ranging consultation were analyzed, generating an important subsidy from a local and bottom-up perspective for the regulation of digital platforms. The Open Forum provided an opportunity to present the results of these consultations and to discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with regulating digital platforms. The debate underscored the importance of collaboration among governments, civil society, academia, and the private sector in creating effective and balanced regulatory frameworks.
Key Insights from Panelists
Henrique Faulhaber, CGI.br board member and moderator of the session, opened the discussion by highlighting the multistakeholder governance model adopted in Brazil. He emphasized that platforms, while providing indispensable services, also pose significant risks related to economic concentration, misinformation, and threats to democracy. These complexities necessitate a nuanced regulatory approach that balances diverse interests. CGI.br's consultation process sought to address three fundamental questions: who should be regulated, what should be regulated, and how regulation should be implemented.
Juliano Cappi, manager of CGI.br's advisory team, elaborated on the consultation process, which gathered over 1,000 inputs from government, civil society, business, and academia. The findings revealed a wide array of perspectives, highlighting both the risks and opportunities associated with digital platforms. Juliano identified three key pillars of regulation:
    1. Defining the regulated entity: Establishing clear criteria for which platforms fall under regulatory scope.
    2. Mapping risks posed by digital plataforms activities: Addressing issues such as economic concentration, data misuse, and threats to democratic processes.
    3. Designing a governance model to implement platform regulation: Balancing state-led regulation with self-regulatory frameworks to ensure accountability and transparency.
Marcelo Fornazin , a representative of the scientific community and researcher at CGI.br, brought a unique perspective by drawing parallels between platform regulation and digital health governance. He explained how the "platformization" of public health systems in Brazil poses risks, such as the concentration of health data in private hands and the privatization of public infrastructure. Marcel emphasized the importance of participatory governance to ensure that digital health policies align with public needs and protect citizens' rights.
Representing the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Eugênio Garcia introduced the concept of digital sovereignty, framing it as the ability of nations to exercise control over their digital infrastructure and data. He highlighted Brazil's leadership in international forums, such as the G20, where issues like misinformation and digital integrity are being addressed. Garcia stressed the need for global platforms to respect national laws, referencing recent conflicts between Brazilian authorities and international tech companies.
From the perspective of civil society, Bia Barbosa stressed the urgency of regulating platforms to safeguard democracy and human rights. She criticized resistance from far-right political groups and the lobbying efforts of large tech companies. Bia Barbosa highlighted legislative efforts in Brazil, such as Bill 2630/2020, which focuses on content moderation and transparency, and Bill 2768/2022, which addresses economic regulation inspired by the European Digital Markets Act. She emphasized that these initiatives are vital to addressing the power imbalances created by dominant platforms.
Monica Guise, representing the private sector as Meta's head of public policy in Brazil, offered a different viewpoint. While acknowledging the need for regulation, Monica cautioned against overly restrictive measures that could stifle innovation and economic opportunities. She highlighted the positive contributions of platforms, particularly in empowering small businesses and fostering economic growth. Monica also reiterated Meta's commitment to participating in regulatory discussions, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balanced approach.
Main Themes and Takeaways
The session revealed several critical themes in the ongoing debate about platform regulation:
    1. The Complexity of Platform Risks:
Platforms pose diverse risks, including economic concentration, data misuse, misinformation, and threats to democracy and human rights. These risks require tailored regulatory approaches that address specific challenges while fostering innovation.
    2. The Importance of Multistakeholder Dialogue:
The consultation process highlighted the value of including diverse perspectives in regulatory discussions. The participation of government, civil society, academia, and the private sector highlights the challenges to ensure that regulation is both comprehensive and balanced.
    3. The Role of Digital Sovereignty:
The concept of digital sovereignty emerged as a central theme, emphasizing the need for nations to maintain control over their digital infrastructure and ensure compliance with national laws. This is particularly important in the context of global platforms operating across jurisdictions.
    4. Balancing Risks and Opportunities:
While platforms present risks, they also offer significant economic and social benefits. The discussion underscored the need for regulation that mitigates risks without undermining the positive contributions of platforms.
Conclusion
The multistakeholder approach to platform regulation in Brazil provides a valuable model for addressing the complex challenges posed by digital platforms. By fostering dialogue among diverse stakeholders, Brazil is working toward a regulatory framework that balances innovation, economic growth, and the protection of democracy and human rights. The discussions at the IGF 2024 highlighted both the progress made and the work that remains to be done, offering valuable insights for similar efforts worldwide.

Opening Remarks